Separating Mixtures

2.
2 Mixtures >
Physical and Chemical

Methods of Separating
Mixtures
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2.2 Mixtures > CHEMISTRY & YOU
Why aren't there coffee grounds in a cup

of coffee?
Coffee is often
brewed by mixing
hot water with
ground coffee
beans.

2.2 Mixtures > Classifying Mixtures
Describing Matter
How can mixtures be classified?

2.2 Mixtures > Describing Matter
• A salad bar provides a range of items, such as

lettuce, tomatoes, cheese, and green peppers.
• Customers choose which items to use in their
salads and how much of each item to use.
• So, each salad mixture has different types and
amounts of components.
– A mixture is a physical blend of two or more

components.

Most samples of matter are mixtures.

• Some mixtures are easier to recognize
than others.
• You can easily recognize chicken noodle
soup as a mixture of chicken, noodles,
and broth.

Recognizing air as a mixture of gases is

more difficult.
• But the fact that air can be drier or more
humid shows that the amount of one
component of air—water vapor—can vary.

Based on the distribution of their

components, mixtures can be
classified as heterogeneous mixtures
or homogeneous mixtures.

Heterogeneous Mixtures
In chicken noodle soup, the ingredients in
the soup are not evenly distributed
throughout the mixture.
• There is likely to be different amounts of
chicken and noodles in each spoonful.

Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture in which the composition is not
uniform throughout is a heterogeneous
mixture.

Homogeneous Mixtures
The substances in the
olive oil are evenly
distributed throughout
the mixture.
• So, olive oil doesn’t
look like a mixture.

The same is true for
vinegar.
• Vinegar is a mixture of
water and acetic acid,
which dissolves in the
water.

Olive oil and vinegar
are homogeneous
mixtures.
• A homogeneous
mixture is a mixture in
which the composition
is uniform throughout.

Olive oil and vinegar
are homogeneous
mixtures.
• A homogeneous
mixture is a mixture in
which the composition
is uniform throughout.
• Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a
solution.
Many solutions are liquids.
• But some are gases, like air.
• And some are solids, like stainless steel, which is
a mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel.

The term phase is used to describe any
part of a sample with uniform composition
and properties.
• By definition, a homogeneous mixture consists of
a single phase.

A heterogeneous
mixture consists of two
or more phases.
• When oil and vinegar
are mixed, they form
a heterogeneous
mixture with two
layers, or phases.
• The oil phase floats
on the water, or
vinegar, phase.
2.2 Mixtures >
At the beach, you realize that both

ocean water and sand are mixtures.
Which is a homogeneous mixture (or
solution)? Which is a heterogeneous
mixture?

2.2 Mixtures >
At the beach, you realize that both

ocean water and sand are mixtures.
Which is a homogeneous mixture (or
solution)? Which is a heterogeneous
mixture?
Salt water is a homogeneous mixture, or

solution. Sand is a heterogeneous mixture.

2.2 Mixtures > Separating Mixtures
Separating Mixtures
How can mixtures be separated?

If you have a salad containing an

ingredient you don't like, you can
remove it with a fork.
• Many mixtures are not as easy to separate.

• To separate a mixture of olive oil and

vinegar, for example, you could decant, or
pour off, the oil layer.
• Or, you might cool the mixture until the oil
turned solid.

• To separate a mixture of olive oil and

vinegar, for example, you could decant, or
pour off, the oil layer.
• Or, you might cool the mixture until the oil
turned solid.
– Pouring off the oil layer takes advantage of the fact
that oil floats on water.
– Cooling until the oil layer turns solid takes
advantage of a difference in the temperatures at
which the olive oil and vinegar freeze.

Differences in physical properties can

be used to separate mixtures.

Filtration
The coffee filter at right can
separate ground coffee
beans from brewed coffee.
• The liquid brewed coffee
passes through the paper
filter, but the solid coffee
grounds cannot pass
through the filter.

Filtration
Filter paper used in a laboratory is similar
to coffee filters.
• Filter paper is often placed in a funnel.
• Then the mixture is poured into the funnel.
• Solid particles that cannot pass through the
filter remain in the funnel.
• The rest of the particles pass through.

Filtration
The process that separates a solid from a
liquid in a heterogeneous mixture is
called filtration.

Brewed coffee is a mixture of ground

coffee beans and water. What process
is used to separate ground coffee
beans from brewed coffee?

Brewed coffee is a mixture of ground

coffee beans and water. What process
is used to separate ground coffee
beans from brewed coffee?
Filtration is used to separate ground coffee

beans from brewed coffee.

Distillation
Tap water is a homogeneous mixture of
water and substances that are dissolved
in the water.
• One way to separate water from the other
components in tap water is through a
process called distillation.

Distillation
During a distillation, a liquid is boiled to
produce a vapor that is then condensed
into a liquid.

Distillation
The figure below shows an apparatus used to perform
a small-scale distillation.

Distillation
As water in the distillation flask is heated, water vapor forms,
rises in the flask, and passes into a glass tube in the condenser.
• The tube is surrounded
by cold water, which
cools the vapor to a
temperature at which it
turns back into a liquid.

Distillation
As water in the distillation flask is heated, water vapor forms,
rises in the flask, and passes into a glass tube in the condenser.
• The tube is surrounded
by cold water, which
cools the vapor to a
temperature at which it
turns back into a liquid.
• The liquid
water is
collected in a
second flask.

Distillation
The solid substances that were dissolved in the water
remain in the distillation flask.
• This is because their
boiling points are much
higher than the boiling
point of water.

2.2 Mixtures > Sample Problem 2.1
Separating a Heterogeneous Mixture
How could a mixture of

aluminum nails and iron
nails be separated?

1 Analyze Identify the relevant concepts.
In order to identify how to separate

aluminum and iron nails, the properties of
both aluminum and iron must be known.

2 Solve Apply concepts to this situation.

List the properties of each substance in
the mixture.
Aluminum Iron
• metal • metal
• gray color • gray color
• doesn’t dissolve • doesn’t dissolve
in water in water
• not attracted to • attracted to
magnet magnet
2 Solve Apply concepts to this situation.

Identify a property that can be used to
separate different substances from each
other.
• The ability to be attracted by a magnet is a
property that iron and aluminum do not
share.
• You could use a magnet to remove the iron
nails from a mixture of iron and aluminum.

2.2 Mixtures >
Which physical property does

filtration rely on to separate
mixtures? Which does distillation
rely on?

2.2 Mixtures >
Which physical property does

filtration rely on to separate
mixtures? Which does distillation
rely on?
Filtration relies on the size of a particle, or

molecule, of a substance. Distillation relies
on the boiling point of the substance.

2.2 Mixtures > PHYSICAL METHODS
 HAND PICKING
This method involves simply
picking out all the unwanted
substances by hand and separating
them from useful ones. The
separated substances may be an
impurity that has to be thrown away
or maybe that both the separated
substances are useful. For example
– if you separate black grapes from
green ones from a mixture of

 THRESHING
This method is mostly done during
the harvesting of crops. Normally,
the stalks of the wheat are dried
once it is harvested. The grain is
then separated from the stalks and
grounded into the floor by beating
the dry stalks to shake off the dried
grains.

WINNOWING
When the grains are collected from

the process of threshing, it needs to
be cleared out of husks and chaffs
before it is turned into flour.
Normally the separation of the
mixture is carried out with the help
of wind or blowing air. The husk
and chaff are blown away by the
strong wind when the farmers drop
the mixture from a certain height to
the ground. The heavier grains are
collected at one place.

SIEVING
It is done to separate mixtures that

contain substances mostly of
different sizes. The mixture is
passed through the pores of the
sieve. All the smaller substances
pass through easily while the bigger
components of the mixture are
retained.

EVAPORATION
Evaporation is a technique that is

used in separating a mixture
usually a solution of a solvent and a
soluble solid. In this method, the
solution is heated until the organic
solvent evaporates where it turns
into a gas and mostly leaves behind
the solid residue.

SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is a process by
which heavier impurities present in
liquid normally water settle down at
the bottom of the container
containing the mixture. The
process takes some amount of
time.

MAGNETIC SEPARATION
When one substance in the

mixture has some magnetic
properties then this method is
quite useful. Strong magnets
are commonly used to separate
magnetic elements.

2.2 Mixtures > CHEMICAL METHODS
CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization is
primarily employed as a
separation technique in
order to obtain pure
crystals of a substance
from an impure mixture.

ADSORPTION
The process of
adsorption involves
separation of a substance
from one phase
accompanied by its
accumulation or
concentration at the
surface of another.

MEMBRANE
PROCEDURE
A membrane process is any
method that relies on a
membrane barrier to filter or
remove particles from water.
Fluid is passed through the
membrane because of the
pressure difference between
one side of the membrane and
the other. Contaminants remain
on one side.

2.2 Mixtures > CHEMICAL METHOD
Chromatography is a method

of separating mixtures by
using a moving solvent on
filter paper. The solvent
flows along the paper
through the spots and on,
carrying the substances from
the spot. Each of these will,
if the solvent mixture has
been well chosen, move at a
different rate from the others.

2.2 Mixtures > Key Concepts
Mixtures can be classified as

heterogeneous mixtures or as
homogeneous mixtures, based on the
distribution of their components.
Differences in physical properties can

be used to separate mixtures.

2.2 Mixtures > Glossary Terms
• mixture: a physical blend of two or more

substances that are not chemically combined
• heterogeneous mixture: a mixture that is not
uniform in composition; components are not
evenly distributed throughout the mixture
• homogeneous mixture: a mixture that is
uniform in composition; components are
evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
• solution: a homogeneous mixture; consists of
solutes dissolved in a solvent

2.2 Mixtures > Glossary Terms
• phase: any part of a sample with uniform

composition and properties
• filtration: a process that separates a solid
from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
• distillation: a process used to separate
components of a mixture using differences in
boiling points

Separating Mixtures

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Separating Mixtures

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2.

Physical and Chemical

1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Why aren't there coffee grounds in a cup

2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

• A salad bar provides a range of items, such as

– A mixture is a physical blend of two or more

4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Most samples of matter are mixtures.

5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Recognizing air as a mixture of gases is

6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Based on the distribution of their

7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

At the beach, you realize that both

17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

At the beach, you realize that both

Salt water is a homogeneous mixture, or

18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

If you have a salad containing an

20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

• To separate a mixture of olive oil and

21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

• To separate a mixture of olive oil and

22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Differences in physical properties can

23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Brewed coffee is a mixture of ground

27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Brewed coffee is a mixture of ground

Filtration is used to separate ground coffee

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29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

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Separating a Heterogeneous Mixture

How could a mixture of

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1 Analyze Identify the relevant concepts.

In order to identify how to separate

36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2 Solve Apply concepts to this situation.

2 Solve Apply concepts to this situation.

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Which physical property does

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Which physical property does

Filtration relies on the size of a particle, or

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