University of Basra

College of Dentistry

1st stage – 1st semester

PREPARING SOLUTIONS

Medical chemistry

DONE BY:
ALI KADHIM RYASIN
MOHAMMED JASIM QASIM
MOHAMMED FALEH HASSAN

GROUP: -2-
SUPERVISOR: DR. HUDA MAHDI YOUNIS
DATE: 2022-12-21
 Abstract

We find the concentration of the standard solution through mathematical

calculations and chemical operations, which when stored is called the stock
solution, and then we work on diluting the solution, and this is what is required.

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 Contents

1-Introduction: .......................................................................................................................... 1
2- Materials: ............................................................................................................................... 3
A- Chemicals ...................................................................................................................................... 3
B- Apparatus ...................................................................................................................................... 3
3 – Experiments Method and Results ...................................................................................... 4
A- Preparing a Standard Solution ...................................................................................................... 4
B- Dilution Calculations ..................................................................................................................... 5
Step 4: Homogenize the solution Stopper the flask and invert it up to 10 times. ................ 5
4- Discussion............................................................................................................................... 6
5- References .............................................................................................................................. 7

II
1-Introduction:

Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In
such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent

To prepare a solution that contains a specified concentration of a substance, it is

necessary to dissolve the desired number of moles of solute in enough solvent to
give the desired final volume of solution.

There are different types of solution

A- Standard Solutions: the standard solution is a solution containing a precisely

known concentration of an element or a substance. A known mass of solute is
dissolved to make a specific volume. It is prepared using a standard substance,
such as a primary standard. Standard solutions are used to determine the
concentrations of other substances, such as solutions in titration. [1]

B- Dilution: The process of decreasing the concentration of a solution, usually

by adding more solvent. [3]

C- Stock Solution: A solution, usually concentrated or saturated, that is in stock

or on the shelf and available for use. [3]

A stock solution is prepared by weighing out an appropriate portion of a pure solid

or by measuring out an appropriate volume of a pure liquid, placing it in a suitable
flask, and diluting it to a known volume.
Stock solutions can save a lot of time, conserve materials, reduce needed storage
space, and improve the accuracy with which we prepare solutions and reagents.
A stock solution is a highly concentrated solution. These solutions are very useful
because we can dilute a portion of the stock solution to get the desired concentration.
These stock solutions are important in saving preparation time for chemical reagents.
Moreover, it helps us to conserve material.

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Preparing Solutions by Dilution
To prepare a solution that contains a specified concentration of a substance, it is
necessary to dissolve the desired number of moles of solute in enough solvent to
give the desired final volume of solution.

Solvent: The substance that "does the dissolving" or that exists in the largest
amount in a solution. [2]

Supersaturated: In referring to solutions, a solution that contains more than the

maximum amount of solvent that can normally be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent at a given temperature. [2]

Unsaturated: In referring to solutions, a solution that contains less than the

maximum amount of solvent that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at
a given temperature. [2]

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2- Materials:

A- Chemicals

50g of K2cr2o7

B- Apparatus

• volumetric flask
• glass rod
• Spatulas
• Beaker
• Washing bottle
• Cylinder
• Pipette
• Sensitive electronic balance
• paper

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3 – Experiments Method and Results

A- Preparing a Standard Solution

Step 1: calculate and weigh the correct quantity of the substance, we want to
make 50ml of 0.05M solutions of K2cr2o7

Wt=M(Mwt)(V)/1000
Wt=0.05(294)(50)/1000
Wt=0.7g

Therefore,0.7g of K2cr2o7 is required to make this solution.

Step 2: dissolve the solid. 0.7 g of K2cr2o7 is dissolved in a small amount of distilled
water in a beaker of appropriate size.

Step 3: Transfer the standard solution to a volumetric flask. Transfer the solution to
a 50 mL volumetric flask using a funnel. Ensure complete transfer of K2cr2o7 by
rinsing the beaker and funnel with distilled water and discarding the rinsing into the
volumetric flask.

Step 4: add distilled water until the required volume Add distilled water until the
level is 1 cm below the flask graduation mark. Use a dropper to add distilled water
until it is level with the graduation mark.

Step 5: homogenize the solution Stopper the flask and invert it up to 10 times.

4
B- Dilution Calculations

When determining the volume needed of a stock solution to make a new solution,
just remember that the original volume of the solution has the same number of
moles as the final; solution only added H2O
n before = n after

C1 V1 = C2 V2 OR M1V1 =M2 V

Step 1: Determine the volume needed of a stock solution to make a new solution.

M stock. V stock = M dilution V dilution

0.05(Vstock)=0.005(50)
Vstock=0.005(50)/0.05=50ml

Step 2: Using a pipette. Draw up 5 mL of the standard solution and transfer the
solution to a 50 mL volumetric flask.

Step 3: Add distilled water to the desired volume.

Step 4: Homogenize the solution Stopper the flask and invert it up to 10 times.

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4- Discussion
Solutions are formed because the molecules of the solute are attracted to the
molecules of the solvent. When the attractive forces of the solvent are greater than
the molecular forces holding the solute together, the solute dissolves. There are no
rules that will determine whether substances will dissolve, however, the cardinal
rule of solubility is “like dissolves like.” Oil and water do not mix, but oil in oil does.

The substances that make up a solution can be either solids, liquids, gasses, or a
combination of any of these.

What is the importance of the solution? [2]

A solution is an important form of matter and is the basis of many of the products
chemists use every day. From glues to shampoos, and soda pops to medicines,
solutions will undoubtedly be used by people in the future.

Difference between Stock Solution and Standard Solution

Stock Solution VS Standard Solution

Stock Solution Standard Solution

Stock Solution is a highly
DEFINITION
concentrated solution
Standard Solution is a
concentrated solution
having a precisely known
concentrated

CONCENTRATION Highly concentrated Precise concentrated

Important in saving
preparation time of
Important in determining
chemical reagents to
DESCRIPTION the unknown
conserve material to
concentration of an analyte
reduce the storage space
etc.
Stock solutions of
Potassium hydrogen
hydrochloric acid and
EXAMPLES phthalate is a primary
sodium hydroxide are
standard
common in laboratories

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5- References

1- Standard Solution.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation.

2- Encyclopedia.
3- Medical chemistry Lectures.