Medical chemistry Experiment : 2

detection of cation & anion

Presented by: Dr. Huda Mahdi Younis

Chemical analysis plays an important role in many field of
science, it has pronounced effect on the human life . It is an
important factor in the progress of medicine , Biochemistry ,
Geology, Mining etc....
 Cation are the positive part of any salt. Cations are formed
when an atom loses one or more electrons.

The cations cannot be tested directly as anions. It must be

dissolved to obtain an aqueous solution .

 The cations classified according to the solubility of their salt in

H2O into five groups.

 Each group has its own detector, which precipitates all of the
ions it contains. This detector is called a group reagent.

 The reagents used during confirmatory experiments to identify

group ions are called qualitative reagents.
 Why we should analyze cations?

 Some elements are necessary for human life.

 Some elements are used for different pharmaceutical

purposes.

 Some element are environmental hazards that cause great risk

to human health.

The conc. In the body is related to the health status

 Anion is an ionic species with a negative charge. This is a type
of atom that has gained electrons.

 The concept of an anion is important in the corrosion industry

because certain anions facilitate corrosion.

 Anions can be tested directly as anions (solid).

 Anions are divided into three groups according to their reactivity.

 Each group has its own detector. This detector is called a group
reagent. The reagents used during confirmatory experiments are
called qualitative reagents
 Detection of cations and anions of the first group
(Dilute HCl group)

cation+ HCl dil= White ppt

.
Group I Ag+, Hg22+ and Pb2+

Anion + HCl dil= Bubbles

Group I CO32- , HCO3– , SO32- , NO2– , S2O32- , S2-

 Equations

Pb (NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3 cation

White ppt.
confirmatory experience
Pb (NO3)2 +K2Cr2O7 PbCr2O7 +2KNO3
yellow ppt.

Anion

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Bubbles
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
Bubbles

confirmatory experience

Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl

White ppt.

2NaHCO3 + BaCl2 Ba(HCO3)2 + 2NaCl

Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Bubbles
 Experiments:
cation
 Bring test tube and put small amount of the Pb (NO3)2 .

 Add distilled water to test tube and shake well until all of the substance
is dissolved.
 Add to the contents of the test tube a dilute HCl solution until you notice
a clear result.
confirmatory experience

 Bring test tubes and put small amount of the Pb (NO3)2 .

 Add distilled water to test tube and shake well until all of the substance
is dissolved.
 Add to the contents of the test tube a K2Cr2O7 solution until you notice a
clear result.
 Experiments:
Anion
 Take two test tubes and put a small amount of Na2CO3 in the first tube
and a small amount of NaHCO3 in the second tube..

 Add to the contents of each test tube a dilute HCl solution until you
notice a clear result.
confirmatory experience

 Take two test tubes and put a small amount of Na2CO3 in the first tube
and a small amount of NaHCO3 in the second tube..

 Add to the contents of each test tube BaCl2 solution until you notice a
clear result.
 If precipitate does not form when adding BaCl2 to Na2CO3 , heat the test
tube until a precipitate is obtained
 Results
Physical properties

Sample shape colour Solubility in

No. water
or name
Soluble /
insoluble

Experiment Observation Result