Scottish Rite

The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry

(the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States often
omits the and, while the English Constitution in the United
Kingdom omits the Scottish), commonly known as simply
the Scottish Rite (or, in England and Australia, as the Rose
Croix[1] although this is only one of its degrees), is one of
several Rites of Freemasonry. A Rite is a progressive series
of degrees conferred by various Masonic organizations or
bodies, each of which operates under the control of its own
central authority. In the Scottish Rite the central authority is
called a Supreme Council.

The Scottish Rite is one of the appendant bodies of

Freemasonry that a Master Mason may join for further
exposure to the principles of Freemasonry.[2][3] It is also
concordant, in that some of its degrees relate to the degrees
of Symbolic (Craft) Freemasonry. In England and some
other countries, while the Scottish Rite is not accorded
official recognition by the Grand Lodge, only a recognised
Freemason may join and there is no prohibition against his
doing so. In the United States, however, the Scottish Rite is The Double-headed eagle.
(The symbol most commonly associated with
officially recognized by Grand Lodges as an extension of the
the Scottish Rite)
degrees of Freemasonry. The Scottish Rite builds upon the
ethical teachings and philosophy offered in the Craft (or
Blue) Lodge, through dramatic presentation of the individual
degrees.

Contents
History
Legend of Jacobite origins
Estienne Morin
Rite of 25 Degrees
Henry Andrew Francken and his manuscripts
Scottish Perfection Lodges
Birth of the Scottish Rite
Albert Pike
Revisions after Pike
Degree structure
AASR Craft Degrees
Scots Master Degree
Organization
Canada
 France
Romania
United Kingdom
United States
Southern Jurisdiction
Northern Jurisdiction
Supreme Council of Louisiana
See also
Notes
External links
Supported institutions

History

Legend of Jacobite origins

The seed of the myth of Stuart Jacobite influence on the higher degrees
may have been a careless and unsubstantiated remark made by John
Noorthouk in the 1784 Book of Constitutions of the Premier Grand Lodge
of London. It was stated, without support, that King Charles II (older
brother and predecessor to James II) was made a Freemason in the
Netherlands during the years of his exile (1649–60). However, there were
no documented lodges of Freemasons on the continent during those years.
The statement may have been made to flatter the fraternity by claiming
membership for a previous monarch. This folly was then embellished by
John Robison (1739–1805), a professor of Natural Philosophy at the
University of Edinburgh, in an anti-Masonic work published in 1797. The
lack of scholarship exhibited by Robison in that work caused the
Encyclopædia Britannica to denounce it.[4]
Scottish Rite jewel 18°
A German bookseller and Freemason, living in Paris, working under the
assumed name of C. Lenning, embellished the story further in a
manuscript titled "Encyclopedia of Freemasonry" probably written between 1822 and 1828 at Leipzig. This
manuscript was later revised and published by another German Freemason named Friedrich Mossdorf (1757–
1830).[5] Lenning stated that King James II of England, after his flight to France in 1688, resided at the Jesuit
College of Clermont, where his followers fabricated certain degrees for the purpose of carrying out their
political ends.[6]

By the mid-19th century, the story had gained currency. The well-known English Masonic writer, Dr. George
Oliver (1782–1867), in his Historical Landmarks, 1846, carried the story forward and even claimed that King
Charles II was active in his attendance at meetings—an obvious invention, for if it had been true, it would not
have escaped the notice of the historians of the time. The story was then repeated by the French writers Jean-
Baptiste Ragon (1771–1862) and Emmanuel Rebold, in their Masonic histories. Rebold's claim that the high
degrees were created and practiced in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning[7] at Edinburgh are entirely false.[8]

James II died in 1701[9][10] at the Palace of St. Germain en Laye, and was succeeded in his claims to the
English, Irish and Scottish thrones by his son, James Francis Edward Stuart (1699–1766), the Chevalier St.
George, better known as "the Old Pretender", but recognized as James III & VIII by the French King Louis
XIV. He was succeeded in his claim by Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charles"), also known as "the
Young Pretender", whose ultimate defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 effectively put an end to any
serious hopes of the Stuarts regaining the British crowns.

The natural confusion between the names of the Jesuit College of Clermont, and the short-lived Masonic
Chapter of Clermont, a Masonic body that controlled a few high degrees during its brief existence, only served
to add fuel to the myth of Stuart Jacobite influence in Freemasonry's high degrees. However, the College and
the Chapter had nothing to do with each other. The Jesuit College was located at Clermont, whereas the
Masonic Chapter was not. Rather, it was named "Clermont" in honor of the French Grand Master, the Comte
de Clermont (Louis de Bourbon, Comte de Clermont) (1709–1771), and not because of any connection with
the Jesuit College of Clermont.[11]

Estienne Morin

A French trader, by the name of Estienne Morin, had been involved in high-degree Masonry in Bordeaux
since 1744 and, in 1747, founded an "Écossais" lodge (Scottish Lodge) in the city of Le Cap Français, on the
north coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). Over the next decade, high-degree
Freemasonry was carried by French men to other cities in the Western hemisphere. The high-degree lodge at
Bordeaux warranted or recognized seven Écossais lodges there.

In Paris in the year 1761, a patent was issued to Estienne Morin, dated 27 August, creating him "Grand
Inspector for all parts of the New World". This Patent was signed by officials of the Grand Lodge at Paris and
appears to have originally granted him power over the craft lodges only, and not over the high, or "Écossais",
degree lodges. Later copies of this Patent appear to have been embellished, probably by Morin, to improve his
position over the high-degree lodges in the West Indies.[12]:31–45

Morin returned to the West Indies in 1762 or 1763, to Saint-Domingue. Based on his new Patent, he assumed
powers to constitute lodges of all degrees, spreading the high degrees throughout the West Indies and North
America. Morin stayed in Saint-Domingue until 1766, when he moved to Jamaica. At Kingston, Jamaica, in
1770, Morin created a "Grand Chapter" of his new Rite (the Grand Council of Jamaica). Morin died in 1771
:16
and was buried in Kingston.[13]

Rite of 25 Degrees

Early writers long believed that a "Rite of Perfection" consisting of 25 degrees, (the highest being the
"Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret", and being the predecessor of the Scottish Rite), had been formed in
Paris by a high-degree council calling itself "The Council of Emperors of the East and West". The title "Rite of
Perfection" first appeared in the Preface to the "Grand Constitutions of 1786", the authority for which is now
known to be faulty.[12]:75–84

It is now generally accepted that this Rite of twenty-five degrees was compiled by Estienne Morin and is more
properly called "The Rite of the Royal Secret", or "Morin's Rite".[12]:37

However, it was known as "The Order of Prince of the Royal Secret" by the founders of the Scottish Rite,
who mentioned it in their "Circular throughout the two Hemispheres"[14] or "Manifesto", issued on December
4, 1802.[15]

Henry Andrew Francken and his manuscripts

Henry Andrew Francken, a naturalized French subject born as Hendrick Andriese Franken of Dutch origin,
was most important in assisting Morin in spreading the degrees in the New World. Morin appointed him
Deputy Grand Inspector General (DGIG) as one of his first acts after returning to the West Indies. Francken
worked closely with Morin and, in 1771, produced a manuscript book giving the rituals for the 15th through
the 25th degrees. Francken produced at least four such manuscripts. In addition to the 1771 manuscript, there
is a second which can be dated to 1783; a third manuscript, of uncertain date, written in Francken's
handwriting, with the rituals 4–25°, which was found in the archives of the Provincial Grand Lodge of
Lancashire in Liverpool in approximately 1984; and a fourth, again of uncertain date, with rituals 4–24°,
which was known to have been given by H. J. Whymper to the District Grand Lodge of the Punjab and
rediscovered about 2010.[16] Additionally, there is a French manuscript dating from 1790 to 1800 which
contains the 25 degrees of the Order of the Royal Secret with additional detail, as well as three other Hauts
Grades rituals; its literary structure suggests it is derived from a common source as the Francken
Manuscripts.[17]

Scottish Perfection Lodges

A Loge de Parfaits d' Écosse was formed on 12 April 1764 at New Orleans, becoming the first high-degree
lodge on the North American continent. Its life, however, was short, as the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded New
Orleans to Spain, and the Catholic Spanish crown had been historically hostile to Freemasonry. Documented
Masonic activity ceased for a time. It did not return to New Orleans until the late 1790s, when French refugees
from the revolution in Saint-Domingue settled in the city.[13]:16

Francken traveled to New York in 1767 where he granted a Patent, dated 26 December 1767, for the
formation of a Lodge of Perfection at Albany, which was called "Ineffable Lodge of Perfection". This marked
the first time the Degrees of Perfection (the 4th through the 14th) were conferred in one of the Thirteen British
colonies in North America. This Patent, and the early minutes of the Lodge, are still extant and are in the
archives of Supreme Council, Northern Jurisdiction.[13]:16 (The minutes of Ineffable Lodge of Perfection
reveal that it ceased activity on December 5, 1774. It was revived by Giles Fonda Yates about 1820 or 1821,
and came under authority of the Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction until 1827. That year it was
transferred to the Supreme Council, Northern Jurisdiction.)

While in New York City, Francken also communicated the degrees to Moses Michael Hays, a Jewish
businessman, and appointed him as a Deputy Inspector General. In 1781, Hays made eight Deputy Inspectors
General, four of whom were later important in the establishment of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in South
Carolina:

Isaac Da Costa, Sr., D.I.G. for South Carolina;

Abraham Forst, D.I.G. for Virginia;
Joseph M. Myers, D.I.G. for Maryland;
Barend M. Spitzer, D.I.G. for Georgia.

Da Costa returned to Charleston, South Carolina, where he established the "Sublime Grand Lodge of
Perfection" in February 1783. After Da Costa's death in November 1783, Hays appointed Myers as Da
Costa's successor. Joined by Forst and Spitzer, Myers created additional high-degree bodies in
Charleston.[13]:16–17

Physician Hyman Isaac Long from the island of Jamaica, who settled in New York City, went to Charleston in
1796 to appoint eight French men; he had received his authority through Spitzer. These men had arrived as
refugees from Saint-Domingue, where the slave revolution was underway that would establish Haiti as an
independent republic in 1804. They organized a Consistory of the 25th Degree, or "Princes of the Royal
Secret," which Masonic historian Brigadier ACF Jackson says became the first Supreme Council of the
Scottish Rite.[12]:66–68 According to Fox, by 1801, the Charleston bodies were the only extant bodies of the
Rite in North America.[13]:16–17

Birth of the Scottish Rite

Although most of the thirty-three degrees of the Scottish Rite existed in parts of previous degree systems,[18]
the Scottish Rite did not come into being until the formation of the Mother Supreme Council at Charleston,
South Carolina, in May 1801 at Shepheard's Tavern at the corner of Broad and Church Streets (the tavern had
been the location of the founding of Freemasonry in South Carolina in 1754). The Founding Fathers of the
Scottish Rite who attended became known as "The Eleven Gentlemen of Charleston".

John Mitchell - Received a patent April 2, 1795, from Barend Moses Spitzer granting him
authority as Deputy Inspector General to create a Lodge of Perfection and several Councils
and Chapters wherever such Lodges or Chapters were needed. Born in Ireland in 1741, he
came to America at an early age. He served as Deputy Quartermaster General in the
Continental Army, and was the first Grand Commander of the Supreme Council.
Frederick Dalcho - A physician, he served in the Revolutionary Army and was stationed at Fort
Johnson. He formed a partnership in 1801 with Dr. Isaac Auld, another of the original members.
He was an outstanding orator and author. In 1807 he published the first edition of Ahiman
Rezon. He became an editor of the Charleston Courier, was a lay reader and deacon in the
Episcopal Church, and in 1818 was ordained as a priest.
Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse, known as Comte de Grasse-Tilly. He was born in
France as the eldest legitimate son of François Joseph Paul de Grasse, a French admiral
known as a hero of the American Revolution for defeating the British fleet in the Battle of the
Chesapeake. He inherited his father's title, and likely had the highest social ranking of the
original eleven founders. He was the youngest of the members and was named to become the
Grand Commander of the West Indian Islands. After Napoleon came to power, de Grasse
returned to France and resumed his military career. He also extended Freemasonry,
establishing the Supreme Council of France and councils in other European cities.
Jean-Baptiste Marie de La Hogue - He was a native of Paris who had lived in Saint-Domingue
until the revolution there; father-in-law of de Grasse, he was a founding member of La Candeur
Lodge in Charleston.
Thomas Bartholemew Bowen - Was the first Grand Master of Ceremonies of the new Supreme
Council. He was a Major in the Continental Army and a printer by trade.
Abraham Alexander - Was one of the first Sovereign Grand Inspectors General. He was born in
London in 1743, and immigrated to Charleston in 1771. He was a prominent Sephardic Jew
and had been described as "a Calligraphist of the first order"; he was elected as the first Grand
Secretary General.
Emanuel de la Motta - A Sovereign Grand Inspector General. Also a Sephardic Jew, he was by
trade a merchant and auctioneer. He was a member of Friendship Lodge and was reported to
be devoted to the study of Jewish literature and Masonry.
Isaac Auld - An eminent physician, associated in medical practice with Dr. Dalcho. He was a
strong Congregationalist.
Israel de Lieben - A Sovereign Grand Inspector General and the first Grand Treasurer General.
He was born in Prague and emigrated to the United States at 21. He was known as "the liberal-
headed Jew", who was "tolerant in his religious opinions" and was considered to be intelligent,
enterprising, liberal and generous.
Moses Clava Levy - Born in Krakow, Poland, he was a prosperous merchant, was generous
and helpful to the unfortunate, and devoted to his adopted city and country.
 James Moultrie - the only native South Carolinian among the original members. He was a
physician, and according to Albert Pike, "was one of the foremost Citizens of South Carolina".
Isaac Da Costa, another Sephardic Jew, was one of the deputies commissioned to establish
Morin's Rite of the Royal Secret in other countries; he formed constituent bodies of the Rite in
South Carolina in 1783. These are considered to have become in 1801, The Supreme Council
of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction. All regular Scottish Rite
bodies today derive their heritage from this body.

Subsequently, other Supreme Councils were formed in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in 1802, in France in
1804, in Italy in 1805, and in Spain in 1811.[19]

On May 1, 1813, an officer from the Supreme Council at Charleston initiated several New York Masons into
the Thirty-third Degree and organized a Supreme Council for the "Northern Masonic District and
Jurisdiction". On May 21, 1814 this Supreme Council reopened and proceeded to "nominate, elect, appoint,
install and proclaim in due, legal and ample form" the elected officers "as forming the second Grand and
Supreme Council...". Finally, the charter of this organization (written January 7, 1815) added, “We think the
Ratification ought to be dated 21st day May 5815."[20]

Officially, the Supreme Council, 33°, N.M.J. dates itself from May 15, 1867. This was the date of the "Union
of 1867", when it merged with the competing Cerneau "Supreme Council" in New York. The current Ancient
and Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the United States, was thus formed.[21]

Albert Pike
Born in Boston, Massachusetts on December 29, 1809, Albert Pike is
asserted within the Southern Jurisdiction as the man most responsible
for the growth and success of the Scottish Rite from an obscure
Masonic Rite in the mid-19th century to the international fraternity
that it became. Pike received the 4th through the 32nd Degrees in
March 1853[22][23] from Albert Mackey, in Charleston, South
Carolina, and was appointed Deputy Inspector for Arkansas that same
year.

At this point, the degrees were in a rudimentary form, and often

included only a brief history and legend of each degree, as well as
other brief details which usually lacked a workable ritual for their The double-headed eagle on the
conferral. In 1855, the Supreme Council appointed a committee to cover of Morals and Dogma.
prepare and compile rituals for the 4th through the 32nd Degrees.
That committee was composed of Albert G. Mackey, John H.
Honour, William S. Rockwell, Claude P. Samory, and Albert Pike. Of these five committee members, Pike did
all the work of the committee.

In 1857 Pike completed his first revision of the 4°-32° ritual, and printed 100 copies. This revision, which
Mackey dubbed the "Magnum Opus", was never adopted by the Supreme Council. According to Arturo de
Hoyos, 33°, the Scottish Rite's Grand Historian, the Magnum Opus became the basis for future ritual
revisions.[24]

In March 1858, Pike was elected a member of the Supreme Council for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United
States, and in January 1859 he became its Grand Commander. The American Civil War interrupted his work
on the Scottish Rite rituals. About 1870 he, and the Supreme Council, moved to Washington, DC. In 1884 his
revision of the rituals was complete.
Scottish Rite Grand Archivist and Grand Historian de Hoyos[25] created the following chart of Pike's ritual
revisions:

Degrees When Revised

1-3° 1872
4-14° 1861, 1870, 1883
15-16° 1861, 1870, 1882
17-18° 1861, 1870
19-30° 1867, 1879, 1883
31-32° 1867, 1879, 1883
1857, 1867, 1868, 1880
33°
(manuscripts only)

Pike also wrote lectures about all the degrees, which were published in 1871 under the title Morals and
Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry.[26]

Revisions after Pike

In 2000 the Southern Jurisdiction revised its ritual. The current ritual
is based upon Pike's, but with some significant differences.

Degree structure
The thirty-three degrees of the Scottish Rite are conferred by several Scottish Rite building in the Lummus
controlling bodies. The first of these is the Craft Lodge, which confers Park neighborhood of Miami, Florida,
the Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason degrees. United States
Craft lodges operate under the authority of national (or in the US,
state) Grand Lodges, not the Scottish Rite. Attainment of the third
Masonic degree, that of a Master Mason, represents the attainment of the highest rank in all of Masonry.[27][28]
Additional degrees such as those of the AASR are sometimes referred to as appendant degrees, even where
the degree numbering might imply a hierarchy. They represent a lateral movement in Masonic education rather
than an upward movement, and are degrees of instruction rather than rank.[29]

In 2000, the Southern Jurisdiction in the United States completed a revision of its ritual scripts. In 2004, the
Northern Jurisdiction in the United States rewrote and reorganized its degrees.[30] Further changes have
occurred in 2006.[31] The current titles of the degrees and their arrangement in the Southern Jurisdiction
remains substantially unchanged from the beginning.

The list of degrees for the Supreme Councils of Australia, England and Wales, and most other jurisdictions
largely agrees with that of the Southern Jurisdiction of the U.S. However, the list of degrees for the Northern
Jurisdiction of the United States is now somewhat different and is given in the table below. The list of degrees
of the Supreme Council of Canada reflects a mixture of the two, with some unique titles as well:
 Southern Northern France and England and
Degree
Jurisdiction[32] Jurisdiction[33] Canada[34] Wales[35]
4° Secret Master Master Traveler Secret Master
5° Perfect Master
Master of the Brazen
6° Intimate Secretary Intimate Secretary
Serpent
7° Provost and Judge
8° Intendant of the Building
9° Elu of the Nine Master of the Temple Elect of the Nine Elect of Nine

10° Elu of the Fifteen Master Elect[36] Elect of the Fifteen Elect of Fifteen

11° Elu of the Twelve Sublime Master Elected Elect of the Twelve Sublime Elect
12° Master Architect Master of Mercy Grand Master Architect
13° Royal Arch of Solomon Master of the Ninth Arch Royal Arch of Solomon Royal Arch of Enoch
Grand Elect Perfect Grand Elect Perfect
14° Perfect Elu Grand Elect Mason
and Sublime Mason and Sublime Master
Knight of the East,
Knight of the East, or Knight of the Sword,
15° or Knight of the Sword,
Knight of the Sword or Knight of the East
or Knight of the Eagle
16° Prince of Jerusalem
17° Knight of the East and West
Sovereign Prince Rose
Knight of the Rose Croix Croix,
18° Knight Rose Croix Knight Rose Croix
de Heredom or Knight of the Pelican
and Eagle
19° Grand Pontiff Brother of the Trail Grand Pontiff
Master of the Symbolic Venerable Grand
20° Master ad Vitam
Lodge Master
Noachite, or
21° Patriarch Noachite
Prussian Knight
Knight of the Royal Axe,
22° or Prince of Libanus
Prince of Libanus
23° Chief of the Tabernacle Knight of Valor Chief of the Tabernacle
24° Prince of the Tabernacle Brother of the Forest Prince of the Tabernacle
Knight of the Brazen
25° Master of Achievement Knight of the Brazen Serpent
Serpent

Prince of Mercy, or Friend and Brother

26° Prince of Mercy
Scottish Trinitarian Eternal[37]
Knight of the Sun, or
27° Knight of Jerusalem Commander of the Temple
Prince Adept
Knight Commander of Knight of the Sun, or
28° Knight of the Sun
the Temple Prince Adept
Scottish Knight of Saint
29° Knight of Saint Andrew
Andrew
30° Knight Kadosh, or Grand Inspector Knight Kadosh Grand Elected Knight
Knight of the White and Kadosh,
 Black Eagle or Knight of the White
and Black Eagle
Inspector Inquisitor Grand Inspector
31° Inspector Inquisitor Knight Aspirant
Commander Inquisitor Commander
Master of the Royal
32° Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret
Secret
33° Inspector General Sovereign Grand Inspector General

AASR Craft Degrees

The AASR does have its own distinctive versions of the Craft rituals (Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft, and
Master Mason), but most lodges throughout the English-speaking world do not work in them. However, there
are 10 lodges in New Orleans[38][39] and 16 in New York City[40] that work in the Scottish Rite Craft degrees.

The AASR craft degrees are more common in Europe and Latin-American jurisdictions. Most lodges under
the jurisdiction of the Grande Loge de France use these degrees,[41] as do a few of the lodges under the
jurisdiction of the Grande Loge Nationale Française. It is a dominant ritual, out of the other rituals in use, in
the Grand Lodge of Spain. There are two Lodges in Australia that practise the AASR Craft degrees, The
Zetland Lodge of Australia No. 9 and Lodge France 1021, both of which are under the United Grand Lodge
of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.[42]

According to Masonic historian Alain Bernheim, Belgian Masonic scholar Pierre Noël demonstrated in a 2002
paper that the AASR Craft degrees derived from the French translation of the Masonic exposé Three Distinct
Knocks, issued in London in 1760.[43]

Scots Master Degree

There are records of lodges conferring the degree of "Scots Master" or "Scotch Master" as early as
1733.[44][45][46] A lodge at Temple Bar in London is the earliest such lodge on record. Other lodges include a
lodge at Bath in 1735, and the French lodge, St. George de l'Observance No. 49 at Covent Garden in 1736.
The references to these few occasions indicate that these were special meetings held for the purpose of
performing unusual ceremonies, probably by visiting Freemasons.[12]:5 The Copiale cipher, dating from the
1740s[47] says, "The rank of a Scottish master is an entirely new invention..."[48]

Organization
The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in each country is governed by a Supreme Council.[49] There is no
international governing body; each Supreme Council in each country is sovereign unto itself in its own
jurisdiction.

Canada

In Canada, whose Supreme Council was warranted in 1874 by that of England and Wales, the Rite is known
as Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. The council is called "Supreme Council 33° Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada". Canada's Supreme Council office is located at 4 Queen Street South
in Hamilton, Ontario. There are 45 local units or "Valleys" across Canada.[50]

France
When Comte de Grasse-Tilly returned to France in 1804, he worked to establish the Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite there. He founded the first Supreme Council in France[51] that same year.

The Grand Orient of France signed a treaty of union in December 1804 with the Supreme Council of the 33rd
Degree in France; the treaty declared that "the Grand Orient united to itself"[52] the Supreme Council in
France. This accord was applied until 1814. Thanks to this treaty, the Grand Orient of France took ownership,
as it were, of the Scottish Rite.

From 1805 to 1814, the Grand Orient of France administered the first 18 degrees of the Rite, leaving the
Supreme Council of France to administer the last 15. In 1815, five of the leaders of the Supreme Council
founded the Suprême Conseil des Rites within the Grand Orient of France. The original Supreme Council of
France fell dormant from 1815 to 1821.[53]

The Suprême Conseil des Isles d'Amérique (founded in 1802 by Grasse-Tilly and revived around 1810 by his
father-in-law Delahogue, who had also returned from the United States) breathed new life into the Supreme
Council for the 33rd Degree in France. They merged into a single organization: the Supreme Council of
France. This developed as an independent and sovereign Masonic power. It created symbolic lodges (those
composed of the first three degrees, which otherwise would be federated around a Grand Lodge or a Grand
Orient).

The Suprême Conseil de France (emerging from the Supreme Council of 1804 and restored in 1821 by the
Supreme Council of the Isles d'Amérique founded in 1802 in Saint-Domingue, the modern Haiti) In 1894, the
Supreme Council of France created the Grand Lodge of France. It became fully independent in 1904, when
the Supreme Council of France ceased chartering new lodges.[54] The Supreme Council of France still
considers itself the overseer of all 33 degrees of the Rite. Relations between the two structures remain close, as
shown by their organizing two joint meetings a year.

France has two additional Supreme Councils:

The Suprême Conseil Grand Collège du Rite écossais ancien accepté (emerging from the
Supreme Council on 1804 and constituted in 1815), affiliated with the Grand Orient de France.
The Suprême Conseil pour la France (emerging from the Supreme Council of the Netherlands,
constituted in 1965), affiliated with the Grande Loge Nationale Française. In 1964, the
Sovereign Grand Commander Charles Riandey, along with 400 to 500 members,[55] left the
jurisdiction of the Supreme Council of France and joined the Grande Loge Nationale
Française. Because of his resignation and withdrawal of hundreds of members, there was no
longer a Supreme Council of France. Riandey then reinitiated the 33 degrees of the rite in
Amsterdam.[56] With the support of the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of the
United States, he founded a new Supreme Council in France, called the Suprême Conseil pour
la France.

Romania

The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite was established in Romania in 1881, a year after the National Grand
Lodge of Romania was founded. On 27 December 1922, the Supreme Council of Scottish Rite of Romania,
received the recognition of the Supreme Council of France in 1922, and recognition from the Supreme
Council, Southern Jurisdiction of the United States in 1925.

Between 1948 – 1989 all of Romanian Freemasonry, including the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of
Romania, was banned by the Communist regime.

The Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Romania was reconsecrated in 1993.[57]
United Kingdom

In England and Wales, whose Supreme Council was warranted by

that of the Northern Jurisdiction of the USA (in 1845),[58] the Rite is
known colloquially as the "Rose Croix" or more formally as "The
Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts
and Chapters Overseas" (continental European jurisdictions retain the
"Écossais"). England and Wales are divided into Districts, which
administer the Rose Croix Chapters within their District; many
degrees are conferred in name only, and degrees beyond the 18° are
conferred only by the Supreme Council itself. The position of the Ancient and
Accepted Rite among the Masonic
All candidates for membership must profess the Trinitarian Christian appendant bodies in England and
faith and have been Master masons for at least one year.[59] Wales

In England and Wales, the candidate is perfected in the 18th degree

with the preceding degrees awarded in name only. Continuing to the 30th degree is restricted to those who
have served in the chair of the Chapter. Elevation beyond the 30th degree is as in Scotland.

In Scotland, candidates are perfected in the 18th degree, with the preceding degrees awarded in name only. A
minimum of a two-year interval is required before continuing to the 30th degree, again with the intervening
degrees awarded by name only. Elevation beyond that is by invitation only, and numbers are severely
restricted.[60]

United States

In the United States of America there are three Supreme

Councils: one in Washington, D.C. (which controls the
Southern Jurisdiction), one in Lexington, Massachusetts
(which controls the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction) as well as
the Supreme Council of Louisiana. [61] They each have
particular characteristics that make them different.

Scottish Rite Cathedral in Indianapolis,

Indiana

In the United States, members of the Scottish Rite can

be elected to receive the 33° by the Supreme
Council.[62] It is conferred on members who have made
major contributions to society or to Masonry in general.
US states in the Southern Jurisdiction

Southern Jurisdiction

Based in Washington, D.C., the Southern Jurisdiction

(often referred to as the "Mother Supreme Council of
the World") [citation needed] was founded in
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1801. It oversees the
 Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in 35 states, which
are referred to as Orients, which are divided into regions
called Valleys, each containing individual
bodies. [63][64][65]

In the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, the

Supreme Council consists of no more than 33 members
and is presided over by a Sovereign Grand Commander.
The current Sovereign Grand Commander is Illustrious
Brother James D. Cole, 33°.[66] Other members of the
Supreme Council are called "Sovereign Grand
US states in the Northern Jurisdiction Inspectors General" (S.G.I.G.), and each is the head of
the AASR bodies in his respective Orient (or state).
Other heads of the various Orients who are not members
of the Supreme Council are called "Deputies of the Supreme Council". The Supreme Council of the Southern
Jurisdiction meets every odd year during the month of August at the House of the Temple, Ancient and
Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry Southern Jurisdiction Headquarters, in Washington, D.C. During this
conference, closed meetings between the Grand Commander and the S.G.I.G.'s are held, and many members
of the fraternity from all over the world attend the open ceremony on the 5th of 6 council meeting days.

In the Southern Jurisdiction, a member who has been a 32° Scottish Rite Mason for 46 months or more is
eligible to be elected to receive the "rank and decoration" of Knight Commander of the Court of Honour
(K.C.C.H.) in recognition of outstanding service. After 46 months as a K.C.C.H. he is then eligible to be
elected to the 33rd degree, upon approval of the Supreme Council and Sovereign Grand Commander.[67]

Northern Jurisdiction

The Lexington, Massachusetts-based Northern Masonic Jurisdiction,

formed in 1813, oversees the bodies in fifteen states: Connecticut,
Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New
Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Wisconsin and Vermont. The Northern Jurisdiction is only
divided into Valleys, not Orients.[68] Each Valley has up to four
Scottish Rite bodies, and each body confers a set of degrees.
Scottish Rite Temple in Lummus
In the Northern Jurisdiction, the Supreme Council consists of no more Park, Miami, FL
than 66 members. Those who are elected to membership on the
Supreme Council are then designated "Active." In the Northern
Jurisdiction all recipients of the 33rd Degree are honorary members of the Supreme Council, and all members
are referred to as a "Sovereign Grand Inspectors General." The head of the Rite in each State of the Northern
Jurisdiction is called a "Deputy of the Supreme Council." Thus the highest ranking Scottish Rite officer in
Ohio, is titled, "Deputy for Ohio", and so forth for each state. Additionally, each Deputy has one or more
"Actives" to assist him in the administration of the state. Active members of the Supreme Council who have
served faithfully for ten years, or reach the age of 75, may be designated "Active, Emeritus". The Northern
Jurisdiction Supreme Council meets yearly, in the even years by an executive session, and in the odd years,
with the full membership invited. The 33rd Degree is conferred on the odd years at the Annual Meeting. The
head of the NMJ is titled the Sovereign Grand Commander, currently Bro. Dave Glattly, 33°.

In the Northern Jurisdiction, there is a 46-month requirement for eligibility to receive the 33rd degree, and
while there is a Meritorious Service Award (as well as a Distinguished Service Award), they are not required
intermediate steps towards the 33°.
Supreme Council of Louisiana

The Supreme Council of Louisiana was founded in New Orleans in 1839 and continues to be based in that
city up until the present day. The current Most Powerful Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme
Council of Louisiana is Ill. Bro. Eddie L. Gabriel, Sr. 33°.
[69]

See also
York Rite - An alternative group of Masonic appendant bodies.
Masonic appendant bodies - An explanation of groups supplemental to "Blue Lodge"
Freemasonry
Esotericism
Grand College of Rites - An appendant body dedicated to preserving disused Masonic rituals
and the rites of defunct Masonic societies.
Rite of Memphis-Misraim - A European Masonic order dating from the 19th century, including
degrees based on the three Blue Lodge and thirty three Scottish Rite degrees, as well as
additional esoteric degrees.
List of Masonic Rites
Chamber of Reflection

Notes
1. "The Supreme Council" (http://www.sc33.org.uk/index.html). www.sc33.org.uk. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20170929220036/http://www.sc33.org.uk/index.html) from the original
on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
2. "How to Join - Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, S.J., U.S.A." (https://scottishrite.org/about/how-to-j
oin/) Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, S.J., U.S.A. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2017070
3172737/https://scottishrite.org/about/how-to-join/) from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved
2017-06-12.
3. "Become a member" (http://www.scottishriteomaha.org/become-a-member/). Scottish Rite
Omaha. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160830084333/http://www.scottishriteomaha.
org/become-a-member/) from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
4. Coil, Henry W. (1961) Article: "Stuart Masonry", pp. 634–637; and Article: "Robison, John", pp.
569–570. Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia (rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
5. Coil, Henry W. (1961) Article: "Lenning, C." pp. 377–378; and "Mossdorf, Friedrich", pg. 435.
Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia (rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
6. Mackey, Albert G. (1909) Article: "Stuart Masonry" pp. 981–982. Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
(rev. ed. 1946). Chicago, IL: Masonic History Co.
7. Tailby, S.R.; Young, Hugh (1944). "A BRIEF HISTORY OF LODGE MOTHER KILWINNING No.
0" (http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/www/Masonry/Reports/kilw.html). Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20061126043831/http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/www/Masonry/Reports/kilw.html) from the
original on 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
8. Coil, Henry W. (1961) Article: "Stuart Masonry", pp. 634–637. Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia
(rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
9. "BBC - History - James II" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_ii.shtml).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170619085409/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_fi
gures/james_ii.shtml) from the original on 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
10. "James II | king of Great Britain" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-II-king-of-Great-
Britain). Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170402230820/http
s://www.britannica.com/biography/James-II-king-of-Great-Britain) from the original on 2017-04-
02. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
11. Coil, Henry W. (1961) Article: "Clermont, Chapter of", pg. 135. Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia
(rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
12. Jackson, Alexander Cosby Fishburn (1987). Rose Croix: A History of the Ancient & Accepted
Rite for England and Wales (Revised (Original 1980) ed.). London: Lewis Masonic.
ISBN 0853181519.
13. Fox, William L. (1997). Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle: Two centuries of Scottish Rite
Freemasonry in America's Southern Jurisdiction. Univ. of Arkansas Press.
14. "Dalcho Circular Creating the Supreme Council" (http://scscottishrite.org/history/dalchocircular.
htm). scscottishrite.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023644/http://scscottis
hrite.org/history/dalchocircular.htm) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
15. de Hoyos, Arturo, Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme
Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), pp. 937, 938.
16. Morris, S. Brent (2015). "Henry Andrew Francken & His Masonic Manuscripts" (http://scottishrit
eresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Francken-MSS.pdf) (PDF). Heredom. 23: 107–
114. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
17. de Hoyos, Arturo; Bernheim, Alain (Introduction) (2014). Freemasonry's Royal Secret: The
Jamaican Francken Manuscript of the High Degrees. Washington, DC: Scottish Rite Research
Center. p. viii. ISBN 978-0-9837738-6-3.
18. de Hoyos, Arturo, "Development of the Scottish Rite Rituals", in Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor
and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), pp. 109-118.
19. Coil, Henry W. (1996) [1961]. "Scottish Rite Masonry". Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia. Macoy
Publishing and Masonic Supply Co., Inc. p. 614.
20. de Hoyos, Arturo (2010). "A Brief History of Freemasonry and the Origins of the Scottish Rite".
The Scottish Rite Ritual Monitor and Guide (http://www.scottishritestore.org/source/Monitor_an
d_Guide_3rd_Edition.pdf) (PDF) (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, Southern
Jurisdiction. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-9708749-3-1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151123
052700/http://www.scottishritestore.org/source/Monitor_and_Guide_3rd_Edition.pdf) (PDF)
from the original on 2015-11-23.
21. de Hoyos, Arturo, "The Union of 1867", in Heredom (Washington, D.C.: Scottish Rite Research
Society, 1995), vol. 5:7-45.
22. "The Royal Arch" (http://www.knightstemplar.org/KnightTemplar/articles/theroyalarch.htm).
www.knightstemplar.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002638/http://www.kn
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Retrieved 2017-06-13.
23. "Scottish Rite of Orange County | What Is The Scottish Rite?" (http://www.ocscottishrite.org/abo
ut/). www.ocscottishrite.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170821214256/http://ww
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24. de Hoyos, Arturo, Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme
Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), p. 114.
25. de Hoyos, Arturo, Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme
Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), p. 115.
26. Coil, Henry W. (1961). Article: "Pike, Albert" pp. 472–475. "Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia" (rev.
ed. 1995) Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
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degrees?" (http://www.documentarytube.com/articles/masonic-rites-and-degrees-explained-wh
y-the-scottish-has-33-and-the-normal-only-3-degrees). DocumentaryTube. 2016-05-30.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170602121702/http://www.documentarytube.com/articl
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oaasr.com/scottish%20rite%20degrees.htm) from the original on 2017-04-18. Retrieved
2017-06-13.
29. Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction website: Frequently asked questions (http://www.s
cottishritenmj.org/about/frequently-asked-questions) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
50623031113/http://www.scottishritenmj.org/about/frequently-asked-questions) 2015-06-23 at
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30. Freemasons for Dummies, Christopher Hodapp, ISBN 0-7645-9796-5, Hungry Minds Inc, U.S.,
2005. pp. 224-225
31. The Northern Light Magazine, November 2006; p. 6 "Ritual Changes."
32. A Bridge to Light, by Rex R. Hutchens; publ. 1995; 2nd Ed., 4th Printing, 2001; by The
Supreme Council, 33°, Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, So. Jurisdiction,
U.S.A.; see also de Hoyos, Arturo, "Structure of the Scottish Rite" in Scottish Rite Ritual,
Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), pp. 119-26.
33. Freemasons for Dummies, Christopher Hodapp, ISBN 0-7645-9796-5, Hungry Minds Inc, U.S.,
2005. pp. 226-227
34. Kirk White (15 June 2011). "DEGREES OF THE ANCIENT AND ACCEPTED SCOTTISH
RITE OF FREEMASONRY OF CANADA (Excerpts from the Statutes and Regulations of the
Supreme Council 33° of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada)" (h
ttp://www.scottishritemasons-can.org/degrees.htm). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2011
0607150907/http://www.scottishritemasons-can.org/degrees.htm) from the original on 7 June
2011.
35. Keith B. Jackson, Beyond the Craft, 6th Edition, Lewis Masonic 2012 (ISBN 978-0853184058),
p. 31.
36. Formerly "Master Elect of Fifteen." The Northern Light Magazine, November 2006
37. Formerly "Prince of Mercy." The Northern Light Magazine, November 2006
38. Germania Lodge #46, GL of Louisiana, USA (http://www.germania46.org/)
39. Germania Lodge ASR Degrees (https://web.archive.org/web/20060502032455/http://www.germ
ania46.org/) "The Lodge works in the Scottish Rite Symbolic ritual - one of only ten Lodges
under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana which work in this historic ritual. The ten
Scottish Rite Lodges comprise the 16th District of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana."
40. "Tenth Manhattan Masonic District in the Grand Lodge of New York" (https://district-26-ny.ourlod
gepage.com/).
41. "Grande Loge de France" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050211202122/http://www.gldf.org/ru
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42. https://www.freemasonsaustralia.org/masonic-orders/scottish-rite
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tp://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/bernheim13.html). Pietre-Stones Review of
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44. "Our Valley – Scottish Rite Temple, A.&A.S.R." (http://wilmingtonaasr.ipower.com/about-our-vall
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wilmingtonaasr.ipower.com/about-our-valley/) from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved
2017-06-14.
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=159#.WUFKI3NwZAg). www.scottishriteboston.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
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original on 2017-03-02. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
47. Önnerfors, Andreas (May 2015). "Unveiling the Copiale-manuscript: layers of fraternalism, ritual
and politics in eighteenth century Germany". World Conference on Fraternalism, Freemasonry
& History: Research in Ritual, Secrecy, and Civil Society. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1397.1367 (http
s://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.1397.1367).
48. Megyesi, Beáta. "Copiale cipher. Translation from German (August 2011)" (http://stp.lingfil.uu.s
e/~bea/copiale/copiale-translation.pdf) (PDF). Uppsala University. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20130116062833/http://stp.lingfil.uu.se/~bea/copiale/copiale-translation.pdf) (PDF)
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49. "Scottish Rite, NMJ" (https://scottishritenmj.org/about/organization). Scottish Rite, NMJ.
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in 1804-2004 Deux siècles de Rite Ecossais Ancien Accepté en France, Dervy, 2004, pp. 70-
113.
52. In the original: Le Grand Orient unit à lui.
53. The only known evidence of activity by this Supreme Council in this period is a rent receipt.
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54. (Revue "Points de vue initiatiques" 1980, p. 17)
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59. "The Supreme Council - Who Can Join" (http://www.sc33.org.uk/who-can-join.html).
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62. "The Scottish Rite Caps – Scottish Rite of Freemasonry" (http://www.tulsasr.org/?
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63. Bremerton Valley of the Scottish Rite (http://www.bremertonvalleysr.org/) Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20060504050312/http://www.bremertonvalleysr.org/) 2006-05-04 at the
Wayback Machine "Illustrious Brother James N. Reid, Jr., 33°, IGH, Personal Representative of
the S.G.I.G. in the Orient of Washington"
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rchive.org/web/20060615123046/http://www.aasrvalleyofjax.org/) 2006-06-15 at the Wayback
Machine " The Mission of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in the Orient of Florida"
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on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2007-07-31. "The Bodies of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite
of Freemasonry, sitting in the Valley of Tampa, Orient of Florida acknowledge and yield
allegiance to the SUPREME COUNCIL (Mother Council of the World) of Inspectors General.
Knights of Solomon of the Thirty-third and last degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish
Rite of Freemasonry for the jurisdiction of the United States of America, whose seat is at the
Grand Orient of Charleston, in the State of South Carolina, now sitting at Washington. D.C...."
66. https://scottishrite.org/about/officers/
67. "The Distinctive Regalia of the Scottish Rite" (http://www.srmason-sj.org/council/journal/oct01/n
ormand.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060502144727/http://www.srmason-sj.or
g/council/journal/oct01/normand.html) 2006-05-02 at the Wayback Machine by Pete Normand,
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mj-valleys). scottishritenmj.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161019063633/http://w
ww.scottishritenmj.org/members-center/nmj-valleys) from the original on 19 October 2016.
Retrieved 28 April 2018.
69. Ballard, E.C. "Michael Poll and The Supreme Council of Louisiana" (http://hedgemason.blogsp
ot.com/2015/07/michael-poll-and-original-supreme.html). The Hedge Mason. Retrieved
3 February 2021.

External links
Supreme Council 33°, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction, USA (http://s
cottishrite.org/)
Supreme Council 33°, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction (http://ww
w.scottishritenmj.org/)
Supreme Council 33° for England and Wales (http://www.sc33.org.uk/)
The Supreme Council for Scotland of the A&ASR (http://www.supremecouncilforscotland.org/)
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada (http://www.scottishritecanada.c
a/)
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Romania (http://scaasr.ro/en/supreme-council-of-33rd-an
d-last-degree-of-the-ancient-and-accepted-scottish-rite-of-romania/)
Supreme Council of the Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite for Australia (http://www.scottishrite.o
rg.au/)
Scottish Rite Founding Fathers (https://web.archive.org/web/20110109015724/http://www.scotti
shritecalifornia.org/founding_fathers.htm)
Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite for Russia (https://www.facebook.c
om/supremecouncilrussia?ref=hl)
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/hi
storical_markers/county/chatham/ancient-and-accepted-scottish-rite-of-freemasonry) historical
 marker

Supported institutions
Links to RiteCare Clinics (http://scottishrite.org/about/philanthropy-scholarships/ritecare-directo
ry/) which provide diagnostic evaluation and treatment of speech and language disorders, as
well as learning disabilities in the Southern Jurisdiction, USA
Masonic Learning Centers for Children, Inc. (http://childrensdyslexiacenters.org/) which provide
tutoring for children with dyslexia in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction
Learning Centres for Children (http://www.learningcentresforchildren.ca/) in Canada
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, a pediatric orthopedic hospital in Dallas, Texas
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Scottish Rite (http://www.choa.org/)

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