Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
Environment
• Habitat
Earth’s surface inhabited by life
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Marine
Freshwater
• Food chain
Sequence of consumption for producers to consumers
• Small island countries of Indian Ocean, like, Maldives, Mauritius and Sri Lanka, will
migrate to India as climate refugee. (India has made such agreements with these
countries)
• Erratic Rainfall, melting of Himalayan glaciers, frequent flooding, draughts, storms and
cyclones.
Atmosphere traps
Atmosphere traps
some heat
more heat
Quite a lot of heat is trapped and More heat is trapped and causes global
the earth is warm enough for life. warming
Increased
rubbish in
Increased livestock farming landfill
6-10% ocean
5-30% forest
45-95% ice and snow
• Kyoto protocol wants the Industrialised nations to reduce their green house gas emission by around 5.2% by 2012.
(measured against 1990 levels)
Annex What?
•List of industrialized countries and economies in transition: US, France, Japan etc.
Annex I
•These countries had pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000.
•A sub-group of Annex 1 Countries, these Annex II countries are required to give financial assistance and technology to the
Annex II
developing countries (non-Annex countries).
It gives the list of 6 Green House gases that are responsible for the whole problem
1.Carbon dioxide (CO2);
2.Methane (CH4);
Annex A 3.Nitrous oxide (N2O);
4.Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
5.Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
6.Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
•This gives the Annex I countries (Developed countries) – compulsory binding targets to reduce green house gas emission.
Annex B
•For example USA is required to cut down its emission by 7%
The UNFCCC meets every year, on how to fix the global warming problem and these meetings are
called Conference of Parties “COP”.
In third such COP meeting @Kyoto, Japan, they come up with an idea under which
o Developed nations like US, will compulsorily reduce their green house gas (GHG) emission by 2012.
o Developing nations like India, should reduce GHG emission but not compulsory.
Although various countries signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997, it did not came into force immediately.
Kyoto protocol came into force only after required number of Annex 1 Countries ratified it.
So this was achieved only in 2005.Thus, Kyoto although signed in 1997, came into force in 2005.
India has the highest number of CDM projects registered and supplies the second highest number of Certified Emission
Reduction units. Hence, India is already a strong supplier of Carbon Credits and can improve on it.
Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), India’s largest commodity exchange, has launched futures trading in carbon credits
IDBI has set up a dedicated Carbon Credit desk, IDBI has entered into formal arrangements with multi-
lateral agencies and buyers of carbon credits like IFC, Washington, KfW, Germany and Sumitomo Corporation, Japan and
reputed domestic technical experts like MITCON.
.
HDFC Bank will work with the two companies on awareness building, identifying and registering Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) and facilitating the buy or sell of carbon credits in the global market. Bank has signed an agreement
with Cantor CO2E India Pvt Ltd andEmpowering Minds. Services
MITCON Consultancy Creating Opportunities.
Limited (MITCON) for providing carbon credit
Ozone layer
Ozone gas in stratosphere prevents 99.5% entry of UV radiation on earth
Chlorofluorocarbons(Used in Refrigerators, spray cans, insulation foam
and propellant)
Once they’re released in atmosphere, they reach stratosphere=> react with
UV=> release Chlorine free radicals => Ozone broken
1980s: Scientists realized Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reach had damaged
Ozone layer above Antarctica. Result?
• 2014: CFC has declined by 90%, Ozone layer showing signs of recovery- as
per United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO)
• This will also prevented 2 million skin cancer cases per year.
“Development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
Brundtland commission on World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
gave above definition
But there is no comprehensive system for tracking climate finance ,proliferation of funds, and
lack of coordination
To reduce global temperature by 2 Degree in 2050, we need 44 trillion USD. No single source
will be sufficient for this amount.
Countries can raise more money via domestic resource mobilization (DRM). But that depends on
factors such as fiscal performance of the country, natural resource base, and size of tax base etc.
We must explore new funds from South-South cooperation, and private finance.
How are they formed? Oil spillage from tankers. Regular ships discharging
burnt-oil into sea.
Tar balls were washed ashore during the pre- and post-monsoon period
along the Konkan belt Goa, Karwar in Karnataka and south Ratnagiri in
Maharashtra.
Why problem? Tar balls harmful for marine organism. They have foul
smell, sticky to walk on=beach tourists decline.