Group Dynamics

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About Me
❖Organizational Behaviour & Marketing
Management Teacher
20+ years of Teaching Experience.
Pursuing P.hd. In Marketing Management.
MBA from ICFAI Dehradun.

Taught more than 20 K Students
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Manish Shrivastava
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Subject – (2nd paper)

Management and commerce
Organization Behaviour
Marketing Management
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Definition
The sociologist R.M.Williams (1989) defined
group as a given aggregate of people playing
inter-related roles and recognized by
themselves or others as a unit of interaction.
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Formal Groups:
formal groups are those groups defined by the
organization’s structure, with designated work
assignments and establishing tasks.
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The features of formal groups are as follows:

(i) Formal groups are part of the organisational
structure.
(ii) These are created deliberately and consciously by
the management to perform the assigned duties.
(iii) The pattern of communication is also defined and
the rules are laid down to regulate the behaviour of
group members.
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Following are the three major types of

formal groups existing in an organization:
Command Group: As a result of hierarchical

arrangement in an organization, a command
group is made of the superiors and their
subordinates representing the flow of
command or orders from top to bottom level.
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Task Group: A group which includes

individuals with different skills and
knowledge, to successfully carry out the
assigned project, is called as a task group.
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Committees: For the special assignments or

projects, a group is formed by appointing the
specialists or people with superior knowledge;
which is termed as a committee. After the
project responsibilities are executed
successfully, the members can disassociate
from the committee.
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Informal Groups
When the individuals associate with one

another to serve their common interest or for
self-satisfaction, they are known to form an
informal group. Some of the most common
informal groups are:
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The features of these groups are as
follows:
(i) The informal groups are formed by the members of such
groups by themselves rather than by the management.
(ii) These groups arise spontaneously in the organisation
because of social interaction between the people.
(iii) These are based on common interests, language, taste,
caste, religion, background etc.
(iv) These groups exist outside the formal authorities
system and without any set rigid rules.
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(v) Though officially unrecognized, these groups exist in the

shadow of the formal structure as a network of personal and
social relations which must be understood and respected by the
management.
(vi) These groups have their own structure, with their own
leaders, and followers, group goals, social roles and working
patterns. They have their own unwritten rules and a code of
conduct which every member accepts implicitly. Members trust
and respect each other.
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(vii) The informal groups are more flexible than the

formal groups. Rules and procedures being
unwritten, they can change from situation to
situation.
(viii) Since these groups concentrate on the personal
contact between the members, they represent the
human side of enterprise as compared to technical
side represented by the formal groups.
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Interest Groups: The individuals who join

hands for a common purpose (related to self-
interest) create an interest group.
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Friendship Groups: The group which is

formed as a result of personal choice by the
individuals who are already familiar and feel
comfortable with one another, is called a
friendship group.
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Cliques: In a workplace, few colleagues join

hands to form a small group (usually with two
to six members) to share ideas and thoughts on
their mutual interest.
M. Dalton has identified three types of
cliques:
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(a) Vertical Clique:

This group consists of people working in the same
department drawing membership regardless of ranks.
In this case, the superior may be a member in the group
consisting mainly of subordinates.
Such groups which cut across hierarchical lines develop
because of the earlier acquaintance of people or because the
superior is dependent upon the subordinates for some formal
purposes like filling gaps in his abilities.
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(b) Horizontal Clique:

This group consists of people of more or less
the same rank and working more or less in the
same area. Members are able to find some
points of commonness and keeping the
objectives in mind, come together. This is the
commonest type of informal group.
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( C ) Sub-cliques: When a clique comprises of

few organizational employees along with some
non-employees (who are associated with the
other members in either way), it termed as a
sub-clique.
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Sayles’ Classification of Groups: L.R. Sayles

categorized the groups into the following types
depending upon the degree of pressure
prevalent in each:
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1. Apathetic Groups: The group in which the

leader does not pressurize the members;
moreover, leadership is hardly widespread; it
is termed as an apathetic group. Usually, it is
formed by the lower-level workers who are
unskilled and work on low wages
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Erratic Groups: When the people belonging to a

group gets enraged quickly and similarly
calms down, they are said to be in an erratic
group. Such a group comprises of semi-skilled
workers who perform task
desiring communication between them.
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Strategic Groups: Such a group includes skilled

workers, who hold various job positions to
execute the independent technological task.
These members have the skills of
systematically applying pressure on the
management and the other groups, by framing
a suitable strategy.
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Conservative Groups: The group which

comprises of the stable and highly skilled
individuals or professional, who have extreme
powers to regulate the functioning of the
organization, is called as a conservative group.
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Membership and Reference Groups

Membership Group: A group in which the members
must get themselves registered and acquire a
membership card or certificate for becoming a part of
it, is termed as a membership group.
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Reference Group: It may not be a real

association of individuals, an illusionary group
to which an individual relates himself/herself
due to the same profession or other similar
attributes is called a reference group.
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Small and Large Groups

Based on the number of members involved in a group, we can
classify it as follows:
Small Group: Small groups consist of as little as three to ten
members. Such groups are usually well managed and organized.
Large Group: The groups made up of more than ten members
are considered to be large groups. These massive groups are
challenging to handle and unsystematic at times.
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Organized and Unorganized Groups

Given below is the categorization of the groups in
terms of its structure and bonding among the group
members:
Organized Group: When the individuals belonging
to a particular discipline work together systematically
as a team by supporting each other, they are said to be
in an organized group.
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Unorganized Group: The disorganized group is

not formed purposefully. Instead, the
individuals just happened to fall into a single
group where they neither have any attachment
to one another nor have any belongingness.
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In and Out-going Groups

We can also distinguish among groups according to the
belongingness and involvement of the individuals, as
below:
In-Group: A group where an individual is socially active
and adopts strong values from the other members is
termed as an in-group.
Out-going Group: The other groups, except the prevalent
in-group, where no inter-group exchange of values is
facilitated is termed as out-going groups.
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Accidental and Purposive Groups

The purpose of the group formation provides a basis
for its classification into the following two categories:
Accidental Group: When a group is formed
coincidently or unknowingly, that too without any
purpose, it is known as an accidental group.
Purposive Group: The group which is made for a
definite reason or aim of task fulfilment is termed as a
purposive group.
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Open and Closed Groups

Based on the scope for entry and exit of the members
in a group, it can be distinguished as follows:
Open Group: The group where the new individuals
can freely enter and old members can exit anytime, is
known as an open group.
Closed Group: The restricted group where no further
entries are entertained, is called as a closed group.
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Temporary and Permanent Groups

A group can be formed for a short period or a long
duration. Let us now discuss the two categories of
groups based on these criteria:
Temporary Group: When the individuals come
together for a particular project or task
accomplishment, they are known to be in a temporary
group. Such a group disintegrates after the successful
performance of the task.
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Permanent Group: Such groups represent a

long-term association of the group members.
Here, people belonging to a particular
organization are known to be in a single group.
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Nominal and Non-performing Groups
Based on the need for action, groups can also

be bifurcated into the following types:
Nominal Group: The group in which the
members are involved in problem-solving,
take up challenges and carry out operations, is
termed as a nominal group.
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Non-performing Group: Whenever the

individuals are put together in a single group,
just on a sheet of paper; however, they need
not carry out any task, they tend to be in a non-
performing group.
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Group Dynamics – What is Group

Dynamics?
Kurt Lewin puts it, “a change in a part brings
change throughout the entire system analogous
to the change witnessed in an electrical or
magnetic field.”
The adjustive changes may take place in the
process of interpersonal behaviour or
intergroup behaviour.
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The term “Group Dynamics” is concerned with the

interactions and forces among group members in an
organization.
Group Dynamics – 4 Important Characteristics
(i) Group dynamics describes how a group should
be organised and operated. This includes pattern of
leadership and cooperation.
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ii) Group dynamics consists of a set of techniques

such as role playing, brainstorming, group therapy,
sensitivity training etc.
(iii) Group dynamics deals with internal nature of
groups, their formation, structure and process, and
the way they affect individual members, other
groups and the organization as a whole.
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(iv) Group dynamics refers to changes which

take place within groups and is concerned with
the interaction and forces obtained between
group members in a social setting.
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STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT

Groups are not static. They typically develop through
a four-stage process:
(1) mutual acceptance,
(2) communication and decision making,
(3) motivation and productivity,
(4) control and organization
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Mutual Acceptance
In the mutual acceptance stage of group
development, the group forms, and members
get to know one another by sharing
information about themselves.
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Communication and Decision Making
In the communication and decision-making stage

of group development, members discuss their
feelings more openly and agree on group goals
and individual roles in the group.
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Motivation and Productivity
In the motivation and productivity stage of group

development, members cooperate, help each
other, and work toward accomplishing tasks.
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Control and Organization
In the control and organization stage of group

development, the group is mature; members
work together and are flexible, adaptive, and
self-correcting.
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Group formation
There are three most commonly accepted models of group
development which are discussed below ;
1. The Bennis And Shepard Four Stage Model Of Group
Development
2. Bruce Tuckman’s Five Stage Model Of Group
Development
3. Connie Gersick’s Punctuated Equilibrium Model Of
Group Development
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Accordingly the group addresses three issues;

i. The interpersonal issues: this includes the
matters relating to trust, personal comfort and
security for the group members.
ii. The task issues: this includes the setting up of
the mission and purpose of the group, the
methodology of working by the group, the
expected set of outcomes from the inputs by
the group.
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iii. The authority issues: this would include

decisions pertaining to the leadership of the
group, as to who will influence power over
whom and who will be guiding and telling
others about their tasks and responsibilities.
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The Bennis And Shepard Four Stage Model
Of Group Development
This model delineates four stages in the process of
group development which follows the group
formation. These are :
1. Mutual acceptance of the common group goals
2. Decision making
3. Motivation and commitment 4. Controls and
sanctions.
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Bruce Tuck man’s Five Stage Model of Group
Development
This group development model focuses on leadership

and evolution of behavior in teams
It proposes that the team behavior progresses through
the five stages in its development starting with group
forming, storming , norming performing and finally
adjourning\
scenes from the movie ‘ chak de India’ which would
very aptly make you understand the whole process in a
very clear manner.
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The Forming stage : dependence on the group

leader for guidance and direction is very high in
this stage. The Group members are unaware of
their respective roles and responsibilities in the
organization and are looking upto the team
leader for answering their various queries with
regard to the groups mission, purpose and
objectives.
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The Storming stage: this stage is marked by

the members struggle for power and influence
in the team. Storming occurs after the group
overcomes the sense of uncertainty and begins
to actively explore roles and boundaries.
Chaos, pronounced efforts to influence others,
and instances of conflict and/or enthusiasm are
common in this stage.
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In this stage the members get to know and

understand each other better especially with
regard to their loyalty, trustworthiness,
honesty, responsibility, compassion, empathy
and emotional intelligence to name a few
aspects. The leader usually adopts a coaching
style in this stage as there are chances that he
might be challenged by the team members .
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The Norming stage : The Group begin to show signs of

agreement and consensus in this stage.
Norming in groups indicate that norms and role ownership are
emerging. Generally this means that conflict and chaos is
decreasing or has ended with each member allocated his
position role and responsibility in the team.
Here the group starts focusing on the strategies to achieve the
desired goals of the organization and start planning and
organizing things in that direction.
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The Performing stage : As the Group enters this

stage , they are more aware of their purpose and
mission and are more committed to achieve them than
ever before. The group has successfully solved the
problems pertaining to interpersonal, task and
authority issues. This is a mature group now which is
striving towards the achievement of their goals with
full energy and enthusiasm.
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The Adjourning stage : Tuck man (1977) refined the

model to include a fifth stage to address how the group
begins to disengage and move on to new tasks potentially
beyond the Group.
This is the final stage where the task has been completed and
the team is free to move to newer avenues and things of their
interest.
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Here the team members share an exhilarating

experience of winning or achieving the target and have
a great feeling of accomplishment. Unless the team is
a task force, most of the teams remain in the
performing stage and do not enter the adjourning stage
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3.Connie Gersick’s Punctuated Equilibrium
Model Of Group Development
The punctuated model of group development
proposes that the groups may not necessarily follow a
linear path in a predetermined sequence as outlined
by Tuckman ( forming , storming , norming ,
performing and adjourning ) but may follow an
alternate path with periods of inertia interspersed or
punctuated by visible bursts of energy from time to
time. It is only during these bursts of energy that the
group’s objectives are fulfilled or accomplished
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2

MBA from ICFAI Dehradun.

Subject – (2nd paper)

The features of formal groups are as follows:

Following are the three major types of

Command Group: As a result of hierarchical

Task Group: A group which includes

Committees: For the special assignments or

When the individuals associate with one

(v) Though officially unrecognized, these groups exist in the

(vii) The informal groups are more flexible than the

Interest Groups: The individuals who join

Friendship Groups: The group which is

Cliques: In a workplace, few colleagues join

(a) Vertical Clique:

(b) Horizontal Clique:

( C ) Sub-cliques: When a clique comprises of

Sayles’ Classification of Groups: L.R. Sayles

1. Apathetic Groups: The group in which the

Erratic Groups: When the people belonging to a

Strategic Groups: Such a group includes skilled

Conservative Groups: The group which

Membership and Reference Groups

Reference Group: It may not be a real

Small and Large Groups

Organized and Unorganized Groups

Unorganized Group: The disorganized group is

In and Out-going Groups

Accidental and Purposive Groups

Open and Closed Groups

Temporary and Permanent Groups

Permanent Group: Such groups represent a

Nominal and Non-performing Groups

Based on the need for action, groups can also

Non-performing Group: Whenever the

Group Dynamics – What is Group

The term “Group Dynamics” is concerned with the

ii) Group dynamics consists of a set of techniques

(iv) Group dynamics refers to changes which

STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT

Communication and Decision Making

In the communication and decision-making stage

Motivation and Productivity

In the motivation and productivity stage of group

Control and Organization

In the control and organization stage of group

Accordingly the group addresses three issues;

iii. The authority issues: this would include

This group development model focuses on leadership

The Forming stage : dependence on the group

The Storming stage: this stage is marked by

In this stage the members get to know and

The Norming stage : The Group begin to show signs of

The Performing stage : As the Group enters this

The Adjourning stage : Tuck man (1977) refined the

Here the team members share an exhilarating

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