Prepared by:

Mrs. Lorna De Jose

Teacher
Before we start on the new lesson,
Let's have a short activity on
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
 R R

Is it a
Codominance
W RW RW or Incomplete
Dominance?
INCOMPLETE
CODOMINANCE
W RW RW
 Is it a
Codominance
or Incomplete
Dominance?

CODOMINANCE
 Is it a
Codominance
or Incomplete
Dominance?

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
 Give its Genotypic
Ratio and Phenotypic
Ratio:

Genotypic Ratio: 100% RW

Phenotypic Ratio: 100% Pink Flower
The Structure of DNA
DNA
 DNA is often called
the blueprint of life.
 In simple terms,
DNA contains the
instructions for
making proteins
within the cell.
 Why do we study DNA?
We study DNA for
many reasons,
e.g.,
 its central
importance to all life
on Earth,
 medical benefits

such as cures for

diseases,
 better food crops.
 Chromosomes and DNA
 Our genes are on our
chromosomes.

 Chromosomes are
made up of a
chemical called
DNA.
 The Shape of the Molecule
 DNA is a very long
polymer.

 The basic shape is

like a twisted
ladder or zipper.

 This is called a
double helix.
 What is DNA?
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
DNA is a double stranded molecule that is twisted into a Helix (Spiraling
Staircase)

DNA Double Helix

 Nucleotide Structure
 Nucleotides are formed by the condensation of a pentose
sugar, phosphate, and one of the 4 bases
 The following illustration represents one nucleotide:

 Nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds called

phosphodiester linkage
Nucleotide Structure
 DNA Double Helix and Hydrogen Bonding
 Made up of two strands of nucleotides that are joined together by hydrogen bonding
 Hydrogen bonding occurs as a result of complimentary base pairing
 Adenine and thymine pair up
 Cytosine and guanine pair up
 Each pair is connected through hydrogen bonding
 Hydrogen bonding always occurs between one pyrimidine and one urine
 Complimentary base pairing of pyrimidine and urine
 DNA Double Helix and Hydrogen Bonding
 Adenine always pairs with thymine because they form two H bonds with each other
 Cytosine always pairs with guanine because they form three hydrogen bonds with
each other
 DNA Double Helix
 The ‘backbones’ of DNA molecules are made of alternating sugar and phosphates
 The ‘rungs on the ladder’ are made of bases that are hydrogen bonded to each other
 Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic acids are polymers
 Nucleotides are monomer

 Nitrogenous bases
• Purines
• Pyrimidine Nucleosides
 Sugar
• Ribose
• Deoxyribose
 Phosphates + nucleoside= nucleotide
 DNA MOLECULE

 With what base does adenine (A) pair?

 With what base does guanine (G) pair?
 What is the shape of the DNA molecule
?
 Which bases are purine?
 Which bases are pyrimidine?
 What is the name of the sugar in the
DNA backbone?
 Question 1

 What are the common parts

of the nucleotides?

ANS: Sugar and Phosphate

 Question 2
 What is the one part of the
nucleotide that differs among
other the other different
nucleotides ?

ANS: Base
 Question 3

 List the different kinds of

nitrogen base.

ANS:
Adenine ,Thymine ,Cytosin
e, Guanine
 Question 4

What are the pairing

arrangement of the
nitrogenous bases?
Ans: Adenine pairs with
Thymine and Cytosine
pairs with Guanine
 Question 5
 Are there always going to be an
equal number of adenine and
thymine nucleotides in molecule?
Why?

Ans: YES, because adenine can only

pair with thymine because of their
chemical structures.
 Question 6
 Are there always going to be an
equal number of a cytosine and
guanine nucleotides in molecule ?
Why?

Ans: YES, because cytosine can only

pair with guanine because of their
chemical structures
 SUMMARY
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
It is a double stranded molecule that is
twisted into a helix (Spiraling Staircase
Nucleotide Structure
It is composed of the following: sugar,
phosphate molecules and nitrogenous
bases.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
https://youtu.be/C1CRrtkWwu0

https://youtu.be/ZaJ64lyqrIs
TEST I. LABEL THE MISSING PARTS
TEST II. MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. What does DNA stands for?
A. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
B. Deoxyrinonucleic Acid
C. Deoxyribonucleic Antacid
D. Deoxyrinonucleic Antacid
 
2. It is a double stranded helix made up of repeating units of nucleotides.
A. GNA
B. DNA
C. CNA
D. RNA
 
3. What are the four backbones that supports four bases?
A. Guanine,Adenine,Uracil,Namine
B. Guanine,Cytosine,Adenine,Thymine
C. Cytosine,Thymine,Samine,Buamine
D. Samine,Thymine,Uracil,Guanine
 
TEST II. MULTIPLE CHOICES
4. In pairing arrangement of the nitrogenous bases, what is the partner of
Thymine?
A. Uracil
B. Adenine
C. Thymine
D. Cytosine

5. In pairing arrangement of the nitrogenous bases, Cytosine is

complementary to Guanine, Is the statement correct?
A. True
B. False
C. Either A and B
D. Neither A and B
 ANSWERS
TEST I.
p

S A S
p
p
S S
p
p
S T S
p
p
S C S
p

NITOGEN BASES
SUGAR PHOSPHATE
 ANSWERS
TEST II.

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. A