Application of Second

Law
Newton’s Law (Second Law and Third Law)
Free-body diagram on M1
A 10 kg object is resting on
horizontal frictionless surface is
subjected to two forces: directed east
and directed west. Find (a) its
acceleration, (b) displacement 10s
after starting from rest.
If a force of 15.0 N directed
east acts on a stationary 5.00
kg mass, what are its
acceleration, displacement,
and velocity after 10s?
Designed by:
George
Atwood
Two masses kg and
kg are connected by a light
inextensible string passing over a
frictionless pulley. Find the (a)
acceleration of the system when
released from rest, (b) the tension in
the string, and (c) speed of either mass
after moving a distance of 2.4 m.
Calculate the acceleration of an
Atwood machine if one of the two
weights is four times as heavy as the
other. What is the tension in the
string if the lighter body has a mass
of 3.0 kg? Find also the time for this
mass to cover a distance of 0.45 m.
Practice Questions
A waitress shoves a ketchup bottle with mass
0.45 kg to her right along a smooth, level
lunch counter. The bottle leaves her hand
moving at 2.8 m/s then slows down as it slides
because of a constant horizontal friction force
exerted on it by the countertop. It slides for
1.0 m before coming to rest. What are the
magnitude and direction of the friction force
acting on the bottle?
A 68.5-kg skater moving initially
at 2.40 m/s on rough horizontal
ice comes to rest uniformly in
3.52 s due to friction from the ice.
What force does friction exert on
the skater?
A box rests on a frozen pond, which
serves as a frictionless horizontal
surface. If a fisherman applies a
horizontal force with magnitude 48.0 N
to the box and produces an acceleration
of 3.00 magnitude, what is the mass of
the box?
You walk into an elevator, step onto a scale, and
push the “up” button. You also recall that your
normal weight is 625 N. Start answering each of
the following questions by drawing a free-body
diagram.
(a) If the elevator has an acceleration 2.50 of
magnitude, what does the scale read? (b) If you
start holding a 3.85-kg package by a light vertical
string, what will be the tension in this string once
the elevator begins accelerating?
A dockworker applies a constant horizontal
force of 80.0 N to a block of ice on a smooth
horizontal floor. Then, frictional force is
negligible. The block starts from rest and moves
11.0 m in 5.00 s.

(a) What is the mass of the block of ice?

(b) If the worker stops pushing at the end of
5.00 s, how far does the block move in the next
5.00 s?
A man having a mass of 100 kg stands on a
bathroom scale while inside an elevator. What is
the reading of the scale when the elevator is at
(a) rest or moving up or down at constant
velocity (b) accelerating up at 1.00 , and (c)
accelerating down at 1.00 . (d) What is the
reading when the cable supporting the elevator
breaks and the elevator falls freely?
Suppose a block 1 of mass =3kg is joined to another
block 2 of mass kg by an inextensible light cord over
a frictionless pulley. Block 2 slides along the smooth
surface that is inclined . Find the acceleration of the
system and the tension in the string.
Third Law of Motion
 Non-contact
Contact Forces
Forces
Newton’s 3 Law
rd

For every action,

there is an equal
and opposite
reaction.
 Examples of Interaction Force
Pairs
Contact force of
the fish on the Contact force of
water the water on the
fish

 For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction)
reaction force. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for fish to
swim.
Examples of Interaction Force
Pairs
For every action,
there is an equal (in
size) and opposite (in
direction) reaction.
Action-reaction
force pairs make it
possible for birds to
fly.
Examples of Interaction Force
Pairs
For every action, there
is an equal (in size) and
opposite (in direction)
reaction. Action-
reaction force pairs
make it possible for
cars to move along a
roadway surface.
While driving down the road, a firefly
strikes the windshield of a bus and makes
a quite obvious mess in front of the face of
the driver. This is a clear case of Newton's
third law of motion. The firefly hit the
bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of
the two forces is greater: the force on the
firefly or the force on the bus?
Many people are familiar with the fact that a rifle
recoils when fired. This recoil is the result of action-
reaction force pairs. A gunpowder explosion creates
hot gases that expand outward allowing the rifle to
push forward on the bullet. Consistent with Newton's
third law of motion, the bullet pushes backwards upon
the rifle. The acceleration of the recoiling rifle is ...

a. greater than the acceleration of the bullet.

b. smaller than the acceleration of the bullet.
c. the same size as the acceleration of the bullet.
  In the top picture (below), Kent is pulling upon a rope that is attached to a wall. In the
bottom picture, Kent is pulling upon a rope that is attached to an elephant. In each case, the
force scale reads 500 Newton. Kent is pulling ...

a. with more force when the rope

is attached to the wall.
b. with more force when the rope
is attached to the elephant.
c. the same force in each case.
For years, space travel was believed to be impossible
because there was nothing that rockets could push off of
in space in order to provide the propulsion necessary to
accelerate. This inability of a rocket to provide
propulsion is because ...
a. ... space is void of air so the rockets have nothing to
push off of.
b. ... gravity is absent in space.
c. ... space is void of air and so there is no air resistance
in space.
d. ... nonsense! Rockets do accelerate in space and have
been able to do so for a long time.
 Identifying Interaction Force Pairs

According to Newton's third law, for every action

force there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in
direction) reaction force.

Forces always come in pairs - known as "action-

reaction force pairs."
The baseball forces the bat to the left; the bat forces the ball to the
right. Together, these two forces exerted upon two different objects
form the action-reaction force pair.
Baseball pushes glove leftwards.
Bowling ball pushes pin leftwards.
Enclosed air particles push
balloon wall outwards.
Consider the interaction depicted below between
foot A, ball B, and foot C. The three objects interact
simultaneously (at the same time). Identify the two
pairs of action-reaction forces. Use the notation
"foot A", "foot C", and "ball B" in your statements.
Identify at least five pairs of action-reaction
force pairs in the following diagram.