School of Dental Sciences

Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal

Laboratory Procedures

Dr Ajay Chhetri

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Introduction
 It is often necessary to construct many dental appliances in two or
more parts which are later joined together by:-
 
• SOLDERING
• BRAZING
• WELDING

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SOLDERING:
• It’s defined as the joining of metals by the fusion of filler metal
between them, at a temperature below the temperature of the
substrate metals being joined and applying a filler metal having a
temperature below 450°C
 

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BRAZING:
• It’s a term used industrially.

• Soldering operations at or above 450°C is generally termed brazing.

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COMPONENTS OF SOLDERED JOINT

• Substrate or parent metal to be joined

• Fluxes and Anti fluxes
• Solder or filler metal
• Heat source

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Ideal Requisites—
1 Excellent tarnish and corrosion resistance
2.Fusion temp less than that of metals being joined -50- 100°C
3.Free flowing –wettability ---adhesion
4.Similar strength
5.Color match

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Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics-
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 Most dental solders are composed of :-
• Gold
• Silver
• Zinc
• Tin
• Nickel

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Flux
• In Latin flux means “to flow”.

• Purpose of flux is to remove any oxide coating on the substrate metal

surface when the filler metal is fluid and ready to flow into place.

• They protect the alloy surface from oxidation during soldering and
dissolve metallic oxides as they are formed.

 
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Classification of Fluxes
• According to their composition
-Borax fluxes
-Fluoride fluxes

• According to the pH of the flux

-Acidic fluxes – SiO2
-Basic fluxes – CaO, lime
CaCO3 LIMESTONE
-Neutral – Fluorspar (Ca.F2)
Borax (Na2B4O2)
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Flux
• Good flowability
• Wet the surfaces
• Remove the oxide layer
• Remove impurities
• Prevent the oxidation
• Reduces the melting point of metals to be joined

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Composition
• Borax glass---55 %
• Boric acid---35 %
• Silica---10 %

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ANTI FLUX
• Materials used to restrict flow of solder are known as anti flux.

• It is applied on the surface of specific area where the solder should

flow into.

• Example: Graphite in the form of soft lead pencil, Iron Rogue .

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Types of Soldering
• Investment Soldering
• Free hand soldering

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Steps in soldering
• Cleaning the surfaces to be joined
• Assembling the parts to be joined
• Selecting the right solder and flux
• Selection of a proper joint
• Application of flux
• Heating and introduction of solder
• Quenching

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Factors to be considered
• Use reducing flame
• The soldered joint should not be polished
• Anti flux should be used to prevent excessive flow of solder

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WELDING
• The joining of two or more metal parts by applying heat, pressure or
both, with or without a filler metal.

• The metal pieces are heated to high enough temperature so they join
together by melting and flowing, under pressure.

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Types of welding
1. Spot welding
2. Pressure welding
3. Laser welding

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Spot Welding
 The two clean metal surfaces to be welded are placed together
under pressure.

 Two ends of wire or band to be welded are placed between

two copper electrodes of welder and pressed together

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• When switch is pressed large current passes through the wires or
band on the copper electrode.

• Combined heat and pressure fuses metal the pieces at that point.

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Pressure Welding
 This is also called cold welding and does not require heat
application

 Gold foil is welded by pressure or cold welding

 Two layers of gold foil are joined by application of pressure at

room temperature.

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Laser Welding
LASER (‘Light Application by Simulated Emission of Radiation’)

• It is clearly documented that laser welding is stronger than solder

joints of comparable size.

• To weld dental alloys ND: YAG laser is mainly used

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Application of welding in Orthodontics
• Joining of metal strips during banding.

• Fixed attachments such as brackets and molar tubes on bands.

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Orthodontic study Model
• Study models are accurate plaster reproduction of the teeth and their
surrounding soft tissues.

• They make it possible to view the occlusion from all aspects.

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Criteria
• Accurate
• Trimmed well
• Should be clean, smooth and nodule free.
• Also reproduce alveolar process.

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Parts of study model
• Anatomic portion

• Artistic portion

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• The ratio of anatomic portion to the artistic portion should be 3 : 1.

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Steps
• Impression making
• Disinfection of the impression
• Casting the impression
• Basing and trimming of the cast
• Finishing and polishing

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Trim Maxillary Cast
• Grind the base of maxillary cast parallel with occlusal plane

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• Grind the heel of maxillary cast perpendicular with mid-palatal raphé

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Trimming the mandibular cast
• Using the wax bite, place the casts together in occlusion.
• With the base of the maxillary case on the table, grind the heel of the
mandibular cast parallel with that of the maxillary cast

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• place the mandibular heel on the table and grind the base of the cast
parallel with the maxillary base

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Check Bases
• The maxillary and mandibular models should sit in occlusion when
placed on the heels, distal corners and sides
• Lightly freshen up all parallel sides with casts in occlusion as needed
• Bases should be symmetric and 1/2” to 5/8” thick

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Finishing
• Smooth scratched bases with wet/dry sandpaper
• Fill any voids with a 50/50 mix of plaster & stone, re-sand smooth
• Remove fins of plaster on vestibules or bases
• Label models with last name, first name, age in years-months date
the records were taken, and chart .
• Allow to completely dry and soak in model gloss, if available.

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Acrylization
• Important component of most removable and functional orthodontic
appliances is the acrylic base plate.

• The base plate used in an orthodontic appliance is fabricated using

methyl methacrylate resins.

• Heat cure as well as self cure resins can be used.

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Steps
• Pre treatment of the cast.
• Application of cold mould seal.
• Stabilization of wire components.
• Acrylization.

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Method
• Salt and Pepper method

• Single mix method

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Acrylization using thermoplastic sheets
• Sheets are warmed on a
thermoplastic vacuum former
machine to a temperature of
220°C and adapted to cast by
means of vacuum pressure.

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