Chapter 14

Other Issues in Philippine History

REPORTERS:
MATIRA, Hazel Ann D.
MEDRANO, Amabella Chantal L.
MUYNA, Lorie Mhay D.
 • Filipino Cultural Heritage
Topics • Filipino-American Relations

• Government Peace Treaties with

Muslim Filipinos
• Institutional History of Schools,

Corporations, Industries,

Religious Groups
• Profile of a Prominent Filipino
Filipino Cultural Heritage
AUGUSTO F. VILLALON
The year 2001 was when heritage conservationist flexed their muscles,
forged partnerships with environmentalist to protect heritage, and tested the
effectiveness of Philippine law in preserving the nation’s cultural heritage

26 Churches as National
Treasures
Balayan, Batangas Betis, Pampanga Boljo-on, Cebu Calasaio, Pangasinan

Guiuan, Samar
Bacong, Negros Jasaan, Misamis Jimenez, Misamis
Dupax, Nueva
Oriental Oriental Oriental
Vizcaya
 Mahatao, Batanes
Luna, La Union
Lazi, Siquijor Loboc, Bohol

Masinloc, Zambales
Magsingal, Ilocps Sur Majayjay, Laguna Maragondon, Cavite

Pan-ay, Capiz Romblon, Romblon Rizal, Cagayan San Juaquin, Iloilo

 Tabaco, Albay Tanay, Rizal

Tayabas, Quezon

Tayum, Abra Tumauini, Isabela

 - it received
an honorable
mention in
the
prestigious
UNESCO
ASIA
PACIFIC
HERITAGE
AWARDS
NIELSON TOWER
in Makati
• The useless demolition of Manila's Jai Alai Building in June 2000
• Manila Mayor Lito Atienza - issue the order to demolish the Art Deco Manila

Art Deco Manila

Manila Jai Alai Building
UNESCO Asia-Pasific Heritage Awards
• The UNESCO - Arirang Prize donated by the the Repiblic of Korea
• The conservation issue of 2001 was the announcement by Manila Mayor Atienza
on his plans to construct the park and ride.
• The monthly Heritage Walking Tours Series sponsored by the Heritage
Conservation Society
• UNESCO award in 2001 manifest the high quality of preservation of adaptive re-
use in the Philippines:
> Balayan Negrense in Silay > Fule- Malvar Mansion in San Pablo City
> Zaragoza Residence in Vigan > Orchid Garden suites in Manila

• The inscription of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

Filipino - American Relations
 The Bells of Balangiga
• The soldiers of the 9th Infantry Regiment said
that the bells tolled during a surprise attack by
rebels in the port town of Balangiga in the
Philippines.
• The year was in 1901, and the United States was
tackling an insurgency in its newly acquired
territory.
• The Philippine-American war, though soon
forgotten, cost the lives of some 4,374
Americans.
American survivors of the Balangiga massacre pose with a Balangiga
bell. Photo taken in Calbayog, Samar, in April 1902
 To commemorate their lost men- or perhaps to avenge them, American troops brought the
three bells of Balangiga home with them. Two bells are now in Wyoming, and the one is on an army
base in South Korea, displayed to memorialize the battle.

Two Balangiga bells exhibited at Fort D.A. Russel, now F. The third Balangiga bell in the Madison Barracks at Sackets Harbor, New
E. Warren Air Force Base York, station of the 9th US Infantry Regiment at the turn of the 20th century.
This bell is now at Camp Red Cloud, their present station in Korea
• When President Donald Trump travels to Asia, he will meet with the
President of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte, who recently called for
the return of the bells.
• US troops heard bells which was either rebels signal to attack or
Reinforcement
• On 78 men of Company C, 47 died and only 3 escapes without wounds

• Gen. Jacob Smith order any male over the age of 10 killed
• September 8 - anniversary of Balangiga attack, Pres. Duterte said “ I
hope that American Congress will give Pres. Donald Trump the
authority to return the bell to us”
 Attempts at Recovery

Fidel V. Ramos Aquilino Napoleon Abueva Senator Manny

Pimentel, Jr. Villar
In the mid-1990s, during In 2007, Napoleón On October 25, 2007, during the
In 2002, the Philippine
the term of Fidel V. Senate approved Senate Abueva, the Philippines' 14th Congress of the Philippines,
Resolution No. 393, National Artist for Senator Manny Villar filed Senate
Ramos as Philippine sculpture, wrote Resolution No. 177, a resolution
president, attempts were authored by Aquilino "expressing the sense of the
Pimentel, Jr., urging the American Ambassador to Senate for the return to the
initiated by his the Philippines Kristie Philippines of the Balangiga Bells
Arroyo administration to
government to recover all undertake formal Kenney asking for her which were taken by the US
or a portion of the bells negotiations with the United help in the bells' troops from the town of
from Bill Clinton's Balangiga, Province of Samar in
States for the return of the recovery. 1901".
administration. bells.
U.S. Returns Balangiga Church Bells To The Philippines After More
Than A Century

The US government finally agreed to return the bells in August 2018 when US Defense
Secretary James Mattis signed an official document agreeing to deliver back the wartime
artifacts. The bells arrived in Manila on Dec. 11 that same year.
Government Peace Treaties with
Muslim Filipinos
 BANGSAMORO BILL : 7 ISSUES FOR PH, MILF TO RESOLVE

"Heaven and Earth" was how Mohagher Iqbal, the chief negotiator of rebel group Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF), described the gap between the government and their proposal during the early stages
of negotiations under Aquino administration in 2011.
A year later, the government and the MILF would sign a peace framework. By March 2014, the
comprehensive peace accord based on that framework was signed.
The House of Representatives and the Senate were on track to pass the proposed law implementing the
peace pact- until January 2013, when the atmosphere changed after the clash in Mamasapano, Maguindanao,
killed 67 persons, mostly elite cops.
 BOTCHED AGREEMENT
Before talks under the Aquino administration, peace negotiations were smarting from the outbreak of
violence that followed the Supreme Court decision declaring the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral
Domain (MOA-AD) as unconstitutional.
The draft initial peace deal between MILF and the Arroyo administration, in 2008, laid the foundation
for what the Associate Justice Conchita Carpio Morales said was "a state in all but name" within the
Philippines. It sought to give the Muslim-dominated region "associative ralations" with the national
government- a set up that was not allowed under the Constitution.
The High Court halted the signing of the MOA-AD after local and national politicians decried the lack
of public consultations.
Arroyo abandoned the peace negotiations after MILF attack in North Cotabato, Lanao del Norte and
Sarangani following the SC decision, killing close to 400 and displacing over half a million residents.
Before talks were scrapped all together, the MILF had filed a "Comprehensive Compact" that contained
its proposal for a final peace deal based on the botched MOA-AD.
 STARTING POSITIONS
• When talk under Aquino administration resumed, the MILF submitted a revised version of
Comprehensive Compact
• Comprehensive Compact- design to replace the ARMM and it can be implemented by charter
change
• The proposal contains group’s desire for self- governance
• Associate Justice Marvic Leonen- state that the document does not seek independence; chief
negotiator
• August 2011- surprise meeting between Pres. Benigno Aquino III and MILF chair Murad Ebrahim
in Tokyo, Japan
• 3 for 1 solution- government counter-proposal to MILF; offer to reform MILF, infuse economic
development in the region, retell history to correct Moro’s side in centuries- long struggle
• MILF reject the proposal saying it was anemic
• Previous administration offer ARMM to MILF but they refuse to accept it
 1. TRANSITION

The MILF wanted a total of 7 years of transition at the beginning of talks, with one year for the
preparatory steps and 6 years for the transitional government itself. After meeting with Aquino in
Japan, Murad agreed to lessen it to 3 years, with the first half of the Aquino administration to be
devoted to the negotiations and another half for the implementation. But delays im the inking of
the peace accord, the submission of the proposed law, and the unfortunate Mamasapano clash
pushed back the timeline. The MILF accused the government of diluting the origianl draft, while
the government implied that the draft contained unconstitutional provitions. With the bill still
pending at the House and the Senate as of May 2015, there is only one year left to pass the bill n
Congress, subject it to a plebiscite, and put the MILF-led transition body in place.
 BANGSAMORO AUTONOMOUS REGION FOR MUSLIM MINDANAO OR BARMM

REPUBLIC ACT 11054 March 29,2019 BARMM INAUGURATION

B.T.A.- Bangsamoro Transition Authority
BANGSAMORO ORGANIC LAW

REPUBLIC ACT 6734 2022 TRANSITION COMPLETION

First Bangsamoro Parliamentary Elections
AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
1976- TRIPOLI AGREEMENT BETWEEN PHILIPPINE
1987- THE JEDDAH PEACE ACCORD BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND MILF
1989- REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6734 ORGANIC ACT FOR THE AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM
MINDANAO WAS SIGNED INTO LAW
1996- FINAL PEACE DEAL BETWEEN PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND MNLF
2001- AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6734, ENTITLED “AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR THE ARMM”
2008- MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT ON ANCESTRAL DOMAIN BETWEEN PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT AND MILF
2012- FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON THE BANGSAMORO
2014- MARCH 27, COMPREHENSIVE AGREEMENT ON THE BANGSAMORO
2014- SEPTEMBER 10- BANGSMORO BASIC LAW
2018- JULY 16- BANGSAMORO ORGANIC LAW RA 11054
BANGSAMORO TRIBES
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

2019- JANUARY 21, FIRST PLEBISCITE

2019- JANUARY 25, DEEMED RATIFIED
2019- FEBRUARY 6, SECOND PLEBISCITE
2019- FEBRUARY 17, FIRST DECOMMISSIONING OF FIREARMS
2019- SEPTEMBER 9, SECOND DECOMMISSIONING OF FIREARMS
EXIT AGREEMENT

SEPTEMBER 2019- JOINT PEACE AND SECURITY TEAMS AT PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
REGIONAL OFFICE BANGSAMORO AUTONOMOUS REGION
NOVEMBER 25, 2019- TURNOVER OF 63 BARANGAYS IN NORTH COTABATO

SHEIKH KHALIFA USMAN NANDO- WALI NG BANGSAMORO

OCTOBER 28, 2020- BANGSAMORO ADMINISTRATIVE CODE

DECEMBER 15, 2020- COTABATO CITY TURNOVER
Timeline

1976 1987 1989 1996 2001

TRIPOLI AGREEMENT THE JEDDAH PEACE REPUBLIC ACT NO. FINAL PEACE DEAL AMENDING FOR THE
BETWEEN ACCORD BETWEEN 6734 ORGANIC ACT BETWEEN PURPOSE OF
PHILIPPINE THE PHILIPPINE FOR THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC ACT NO.
GOVERNMENT AND AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT AND 6734, ENTITLED “AN
MILF REGION IN MUSLIM MNLF ACT PROVIDING FOR
MINDANAO WAS THE ARMM”
SIGNED INTO LAW
Timeline

2008 2012 2014 2014 2018

MEMORANDUM OF FRAMEWORK MARCH 27, SEPTEMBER 10, JULY 16.
AGREEMENT ON AGREEMENT ON THE COMPREHENSIVE BANGSMORO BASIC BANGSAMORO
ANCESTRAL DOMAIN BANGSAMORO AGREEMENT ON THE LAW ORGANIC LAW RA
BETWEEN BANGSAMORO 11054
PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT AND
MILF
Timeline

EXIT AGREEMENT

2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019

JANUARY 21, FEBRUARY 6, FEBRUARY 17, MARCH 29,
JANUARY 25, SEPTEMBER 9,
FIRST PLEBISCITE SECOND FIRST BARMM
DEEMED SECOND
PLEBISCITE DECOMMISSIONING INAUGURATION
RATIFIED OF FIREARMS DECOMMISSIONI
NG OF FIREARMS
Timeline
SHEIKH KHALIFA USMAN NANDO-
WALI NG BANGSAMORO

SEPTEMBER 2019 NOVEMBER 25, 2019 OCTOBER 28, 2020 DECEMBER 15, 2020
JOINT PEACE AND TURNOVER OF 63 BANGSAMORO COTABATO CITY
SECURITY TEAMS AT BARANGAYS IN ADMINISTRATIVE TURNOVER
PHILIPPINE NORTH COTABATO CODE
NATIONAL POLICE
REGIONAL OFFICE
BANGSAMORO
AUTONOMOUS
REGION
 FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND POWER SHARING

• PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT - one of aspects of peace deal the MILF fought hardest during negotiations.
• In exchange for creation of parliamentary government, MILF committed to decommission its firearms.
• ASSYMETRIC - relationship of central government and Bangsamoro under Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB) and
proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
• ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONSHIP - shared authority and responsibility with defined powers and functions
• ASYMMETRY - idea of devolution of powers from national government to the Bangsamoro
• AUTONOMOUS REGIONS - granted more powers and less intervention from national government
• SEN. MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO - unconvinced conclude that parliamentary government which Grant exclusive powers to
Bangsamoro is unconditional
• CAB AND PROPOSED BASIC LAW - delineates power as exclusive to Bangsamoro, reserve to national government, or share between the
two
• FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE HILARIO DAVIDE - argue that under the Constitution, unitary and presidential system apply to National
government. He said that Constitution permits parliamentary government in local government since Constitution requires to have an
executive department and legislative shall be elective
 ARMM EXECUTIVE BARMM
UNITARY FORM PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRATIC

REGIONAL
VICE GOVERNOR GOVERNOR

3 REGIONAL LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY MEMBERS
EXECUTIVE
LEGISLATIVE

• Administrative Code
• Electoral Code
• Local Government
Code
• Education Code
• Civil Service code
• Revenue Code
JUDICIAL
JUDICIAL
 JUDICIAL

TRIBAL JUDICIAL LOCAL COURT

SYSTEM
 Constitutional
Amendments
The main reason behind the junking of MOA-AD as unconstitutional is the guarantee that
Constitution would be amended to implement the peace deal
Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC)- the body that crafted the First BBL draft could
recommended revisions that there is no guarantee that it would be carried
2 months- Government took to reconcile the original BBL draft with Constitution
 4. TERITORRY AND THE OPT-IN PROVISION
• At the beginning of the talk, MILF wanted to have a
“modest share and taste of the remaining 7-9% of
lands” where Muslim continue to be majority, from
the 98% used to be dominated by Moros when
sultanates ruled central Mindanao and Sulu
• Tripoli Agreement of 1976- early peace accord
between Pres. Marcos and MNLF; it identifies 13
areas for autonomy for Muslim in Southern
Philippines

1. Basilan
2. Lanao del Norte
3. Sulu
4. Lanao del Sur
5. Tawi-tawi
6. Davao del Sur
7. Zamboanga del Sur
8. South Cotabato
9. Zamboanga del Norte
10. Palawan
11. North Cotabato
12. Maguindanao
13. Sultan Kudarat
MNLF - first group that led the Armed conflict in Mindanao Pres. Marcos- implemented the peace
deal without engaging MNLF and objected the identified areas to a plebiscite, which cause the group
to reject it. Only 4 provinces voted for autonomy:
1.Maguindanao
2.Sulu
3.Lanao del Sur
4. Tawi-tawi

• MILF - broke away from MNLF due to leadership differences

• Pres. Fidel Ramos - another plebiscite held in 13 provinces but
only 5 provinces and one city join to vote, comprising the present
ARMM, Marawi City and Basilan were the additions
• Bangsamoro Judicial Entity- under the MOA-AD it is the Present
territory plus all other municipalities in Lanao del Norte and
barangays in North Cotabato that voted yes to ARMM in the 2nd
plebiscite.
 5. WEALTH-SHARING AND REVENUE GENERATION

• Hardest part of negotiation were the control over natural resources and how wealth in Bangsamoro
will shared between national government and autonomous regional government.
• MILF negotiated for Bangsamoro to have authority and control over use and development of natural
resources within core areas
• Constitution- states that all land and natural resources in the public domain belong to the States
• Under the wealth-sharing deal in final peace accord, Bangsamoro is set to get 75% of government
revenues from taxes and natural resources up from 70% for ARMM
• 50-50- share scheme for fossil fuels like petroleum, gas, coals
5. WEALTH-SHARING AND REVENUE GENERATION
5. WEALTH-SHARING AND REVENUE GENERATION
 6. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, ANCESTRAL LANDS
AND BANGSAMORO IDENTITY

• When Supreme Court declare MOA-AD unconstitutional, one of the concern is the right of
indigenous people
• MOA-AD- has new scheme that govern ancestral domains without reference to Indigenous People
Rights Act or IPRA
• Associate Justice Antonio Carpio- said that MOA-AD would result to cultural genocide with
declaration that it is the bright right of all indigenous people in Mindanao to identify themselves and
be accepted as Bangsamoros
• Freedom of choice- given to Lumads is an empty formality Because officially from birth they are
already identified as Bangsamoros
• R.A 9054 - ARMM Organic Law
• MILF- indigenous people in Mindanao and original Muslim inhabitants comes from same ancestors
and may identify as Bangsamoro
7. POLICING AND DECOMISSIONING

• Another issue that MILF fought hard to get is giving

Bangsamoro parliament control over police force in the
region.
• Government and MILF design comprehensive scheme for
return of MILF rebels to mainstream. It includes livelihood
programs for returnees
• There is no designated program for the integration of MILF
rebels into the police and the military, but qualified MILF
rebels may apply for the position.
 Institutional History of Schools,
Corporations, Industries, Religious
Groups
 KEY ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Literacy rate in the Elementary

Philippine has improved a Female have very high
lot over the representation in all three
pas few year from 72%in Secondary levels.
1960
to 94% in 1990.
Tertiary
4 IMPORTANT ISSUES
QUALITY
1 These was a decline in the quality of the Philippine education, especially at
the elementary and secondary levels.

AFFORDABILITY
2 There is also a big disparity in educational achievements across social groups.

BUDGET
3 The Philippine Constitution has mandated the government to allocate the
highest proportion of its budget to education.

4 MISMATCH
Between training and actual jobs.
REFORMS PROPOSED:

• Upgragdeteacher's salary scale

• Ammend current budgetting system across regions which is based on
participation rates and unit cost.
• Stop the current practice of subsiding state universities and colleges to
enhance access.
• Get all the leaders in business and industry to become actively involved in
higher education, this is aimed at addressing the mismatch problem.
FIRST LETTER OF EUGENIO H. LOPEZ, SR.
Profile of a Prominent
Filipino
 PROMINENT FILIPINO

• A prominent Filipino is said to be heroines who changed Philippine history or the

Filipino who has exemplary works or has the biggest contribution in the society.
• One of the prominent Filipino who comes to mind is of course Dr. Jose Rizal. Rizal is
one of our National heroes who used “PLUMA” to awaken the Filipino against the
conquerors. And there is also Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo and Emilio
Jacinto.
• The Philippines does not have an official list of national heroes. While there has been an
attempt to come up with one, legislators deferred finalizing a list to avoid a surge of
proclamations and debates “involving historical controversies about heroes.
JOSE P. RIZAL
ANDRES BONIFACIO
EMILIO AGUINALDO
APOLINARIO MABINI
GABRIELA SILANG
Thank you
for listening!