PHYSICAL SCIENCE

12
The Introduction
What is Physical
Science?
Physical Science

• a branch of natural
science that studies
non-living systems that
are present in the
natural environment
and its properties.
4 Areas of
Physical Science

Astronomy, Physics, C
hemistry, and the 
Earth Sciences
Importance of Studying Physical Science

1. Intellectual Value -When we 

understand various concepts, it encourages us to analyze
situations and make decisions wisely
2.  Utilitarian Value - in-depth science knowledge is useful
in modern inventions and conveniences and in solving many
problems of the world that require physics knowledge
Importance of Studying Physical Science

3. Aesthetic Value – studying science helps us appreciate art

and nature. If you want to see art in a different light, diving
into the physical sciences may just give you a newfound
appreciation
4. Vocational Value - formed directly or indirectly when a
student is enabled to choose between the various areas of
physical science
Importance of Studying Physical Science

5. Conclusion – A physical science education cultivates

some crucial values in your life. It allows you to think,
ponder and analyze things more critically.
Lesson 1:
Formation of Heavier
Elements
 Activity 1. Cosmic
Connection: JUMBLED
UNIVERSE

1. IGB NGAB - _ _ _   _ _ _ _

2. THONOP  - _ _ _ _ _ _
3. RSTA          - _ _ _ _
4. LEEMNTE - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. EIHTW AWFRD - _ _ _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _
 Activity 1. Cosmic
Connection: JUMBLED
UNIVERSE

6. ULNCUES - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7. UHLIEM    - _ _ _ _ _ _
8.  URNEOVSAP -  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.  ERD INATG - _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _
10. EEVSURIN - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Star Formation & Evolution
Learning Objective:

• give evidence and describe the formation of

heavier elements during star formation and
evolution
Stellar Nucleosynthesis 
• The process by which elements are formed in the cores and
shells of the stars through nuclear fusion reactions
• Elements heavier than beryllium are formed through
this process
• The abundances of these elements change as the stars
evolve. 
Where is a star
formed?
•  It’s in a nebula, or molecular cloud.
When stars are formed, large molecular
clouds split into pieces, and they further
accrete so that they become notable
objects. Their mass is determined by
environmental factors, such as the mass
of the fragment.
Nuclear Fusion of Elements

• a type of reaction that fuses lighter elements to form heavier

ones. 
• It requires very high temperatures and pressures. 
• It is the reaction that fuels the stars since stars have very high
temperatures and pressures in their cores. 
Evolution of Stars

Protostar – forms a stellar core

Star Formation Theory - stars
as the molecular cloud of gas
form due to the collapse of the
and dust collapse and contracts
dense regions of a molecular
as the temperature increases
cloud
when nuclear reactions begin
Evolution of Stars

Main Sequence Star – is Red Giant Star – is

formed when contraction formed when a star runs
of protostar stops and out of hydrogen as a fuel
gravitational equilibrium is for nuclear fusion and has
reached begun the process of dying
Evolution of Stars

White Dwarf Star – when

only the hot and inert carbon
core of the star remains after
the star’s fuel is depleted, and
the outer material of the star is
blown off into space
Massive Star – has enough
mass and goes through a series
of stages until it becomes a
multiple-shell red giant star
Evolution of Stars

Supernova - when the core Creating other Stars –

can no longer produce energy when the remnant of the star,
to resist gravity and the molecular cloud,  start the star
star explodes and releases a formation process all over
large amount of energy again. 
Main Stages of the Life Cycle of a Star
Pieces of Evidence

1. Energy in the form of Infrared

Radiation (IR) is detected from
different stages of star formation
Pieces of Evidence

2. The Nuclear Fusion Reactions in

Stars – observed in stellar
nucleosynthesis 
Pieces of Evidence

3. The proton-proton chain - a series

of thermonuclear reactions in the stars
Pieces of Evidence

4. Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO)
Cycle - a catalytic process used in the
initial reaction and is regenerated in the
final one
Pieces of Evidence

5. Alpha Ladder (Alpha Process) -a

series of nucleosynthesis steps by
which new nuclei of elements are
formed from preexisting or seed nuclei
within extreme heat inside the star
Types of Nucleosynthesis

1. Big Bang nucleosynthesis - produced hydrogen

and helium, whereas the 
2. Stellar nucleosynthesis - produced elements up to
iron in the core of the stars. 
Types of Nucleosynthesis

3. Slow neutron capture or s-process - when there is

a small number of neutrons and the rate of neutron
capture is slow compared to the rate of (−01β ) decay
Types of Nucleosynthesis

4. Rapid neutron capture or r-process - when there

is a large number of neutrons and the rate of neutron
capture is fast that an unstable nucleus may still be
combined with another neutron just 0 before it
undergoes (−1β ) decay. It is associated with
supernova, that is why it is also called supernova
nucleosynthesis. 
Types of Nucleosynthesis

5. Proton capture (p-process) - is the addition of a

proton in the nucleus. It happens after a supernova.
This process produces a heavier nucleus that is
different from the seed nucleus of a star
Summary
• the process of star formation is the same as the regular Sun-like
stars. 
• Stars form from an accumulation of gas and dust, which collapses
due to gravity and starts to form stars. 
• The process of star formation takes around a million years from
the time the initial gas cloud starts to collapse until the star is
created and shines like the Sun. 
Summary
• The leftover material from the star's birth is used to create planets
and other objects that orbit the central star.
• Observing star formation is difficult, because the dust is not
transparent to visible light.
• It is, however, possible to observe these dark stellar nurseries
using radio waves, because radio waves travel freely down to us
and our radio telescopes.
---End---
Thank you!
Activity 2- Putting it All Together (CONCEPT MAPPING). 1
Whole sheet of yellow paper.
Concept Map on Evolution of Stars