SPLANCHNOLOGY

Urogenital apparatus
Digestive-Respiratory apparatus
Formed basically from the mesoderm
Formed basically from the entoderm
1. Organs of urinary system
1. Digestive apparatus; 2. Reproductive organs of males and
2. Respiratory apparatus females

Factors which determine anatomical features and

characteristics of internal organs:

1. Mode of life and feeding habit

2. Domestication
3. Age
4. Sex
5. Species
6. Constitution
 INTERNAL ORGANS

Parenchymal (soft, compact) Tubate (hollow)

Stroma Parenchyma Mucous Submucous Muscular Serous

(connective (functional membrane layer (in organs layer membrane
tissue – tissue) (epithelium) forming folds or (in body
mechanical other forms of cavities) or
frame, source surface patterns adventitia
of blood (outside
supply, body
innervation cavities)
and Features of organs

regeneration)
1. Solidity
2. Usually large Outer layer
circular
3. Rounded, elongated and (lengthwise)
flattened form
4. Presence of passage and canal
system in the parenchyma
5. Normally covered by serous
membrane
 BODY CAVILTIES AND THEIR SEROUS COVERINGS

Thoracic Pelvic
Abdominal
from cupula of diaphragm
from 1st rib from cupula
from cupula of diaphragm dome to level ischial
of diaphragm (7th
to pubic bones tuberosities
intercostal space)
Has no proper serous
covered with peritoneum membrane; partially
covered with pleura
covered with peritoneum

SECTIONS

Mid section
Fore section (epigastrium)
(mesogastrium) – from the last
– from the diaphragm to Hind section (hypogastrium) –
rib to the head of the femur
the last rib from head of the femur to the
Divided into 2 flanks (right and
left) – lateral from costolateral pubic bones
Divided, at the level of the
processes, umbilical region –
shoulder joint, into Divided into 2 groins (above
below the level of shoulder joint,
hypochondria (right and the level of the knee joints) and
medial from the flanks, and
left) – above the level of pubic (genital) region – below
lumbal (renal) region – above the
the shoulder joint and the the level of the knee joints
level of the shoulder joint, medial
xiphoid cartilage region
from the flanks
 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANS IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PER SEROUS COVERING

• Intraperitoneal •Extraperitoneal /
•Mesoperitoneal Retroperitoneal
• Covered by • Organs located
peritoneum on all • Covered by
outside peritoneal
sides; peritoneum on
cavity;
• Generally mobile; three sides;
• They border with
• Most organs of the • Little mobility
• Organs lying close peritoneum only on
abdominal cavity one side;
to the vertebral
• Relatively fixed
column;
 TOPOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES

Intraperitoneal Infraperitoneal /
Stomach, Retroperitoneal
Subperitoneal
1st part of Duodenum
Rest of the Duodenum,
(5 cm), Ascending Colon, Rectum (lower 1/3)
Jejunum, Ileum, Descending Colon,
Cecum, Urinary bladder,
Rectum (middle 1/3)
Appendix, distal ureters
Transverse colon,
Pancreas (except tail)
Sigmoid colon,
Kidneys,
Rectum (upper 1/3) Mesoperitoneal
Adrenal glands,
Liver, Proximal ureters,
Spleen, Ascending Colon;
Renal vessels
Tail of Pancreas Descending Colon
Gonadal blood vessels
In women: Uterus,
Fallopian tubes,
Inferior vena cava,
ovaries Aorta
 INTRA- VRS. RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS
Intraperitoneal organs (remember SALTD SPRSS)

•S = Stomach
•A = Appendix
•L = Liver
•T = Transverse colon
•D = duodenum (only the 1st part, though)
•S = Small intestines
•P = Pancreas (only the tail though)
•R = Rectum (only the upper 3rd)
•S = Sigmoid colon
•S = Spleen
 INTRA- VRS. RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS
For retroperitoneal (remember SADPUCKER):
•S = suprarenal glands
•A = Aorta and IVC
•D = Duodenum (all but the 1st part)
•P = Pancreas (all but the tail)
•U = Ureter and bladder
•C = Colon (ascending and descending)
•K = Kidneys
•E = Esophagus
•R = Rectum (Lower two-thirds)

For secondarily retroperitoneal (remember “Pussy Cat Dolls”):

•P = Pancreas
•C = Colon (only ascending and descending)
•D = Duodenum (only parts 2-4)
 PERITONEUM AND ITS DERIVATIVES

• Parietal layer
Peritoneal cavity Visceral layer
• covers the wall of the
with peritoneal Covers internal
abdominal cavity; organs
• extends to the beginning of the fluid
pelvic cavity (pelvic arch of the
peritoneum)
• forms serous depression into
the pelvic cavity

Ligaments Folds Mesentery

Omentum
liver, Urogenital Has 2 roots, on either side of the duodenum;
supports the
Root – place of attachment/hanging of the
stomach, etc organs stomach
mesentary from the vertebral region

Anterior root – Posterior root – Lesser omentum – Greater omentum – extends

supports supports extends from from greater curvature of
jejunum, ileum, caudal part of the lesser stomach to the spleen; covers
caecum, major colon and curvature of the small intestines from
part of colon rectum stomach to liver below; forms the omental
bursa in which lies the spleen
 Peritoneum and its derivatives

 Parietal layer
– Covers walls of abdominal cavity
– Extends to the entry into the pelvic cavity
 Peritoneal cavity with peritoneal fluid
 Visceral layer
– Covers the internal organs
 Derivatives of Peritoneum
 Ligaments
– Liver, stomach, etc.
 Folds
– Urogenital organs
 Mesentery
– Has two roots, on either side of the duodenum
– Root – place of attachment/hanging of mesentery from
the vertebral region
 Omentum
– Supports the stomach
– Divided into greater and lesser omenta
 Derivatives of Peritoneum

 Omentum
 Supports the stomach
– Lesser omentum
 Extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the
liver
– Greater omentum
 Extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to
the spleen
 Covers the small intestines from below
 Forms the omental bursa in which lies the spleen
 PLEURA AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity

Anterior section – contains

thymus, brachiocephalic Middle section – contains the
arteries and veins,
cranial vena cava,
subclavian arteries and
veins, trachea, part of
esophagus
Posterior section – contains
heart covered by
sympathetic nerves,
pericardium, internal
vagus, esophagus,
thoracic arteries and veins,
thoracic lymph duct,
bronchi, phrenic nerve,
lymph nodes
lymph nodes

Parietal layer Visceral layer

Diaphragmal Mediastinal Pulmonary pleura

Costal pleura
pleura pleura

Pleural sinuses (recesses)

1.Costomediastinal – behind sternum and costal
cartilages
2.Phrenicomediastinal – between diaphragm and
mediastinum
3.Costodiaphragmatic – between diaphragm and chest
wall
 PLEURA AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity

Anterior section – contains

thymus, brachiocephalic Middle section – contains the
arteries and veins,
cranial vena cava,
subclavian arteries and
veins, trachea, part of
esophagus
Posterior section – contains
heart covered by
sympathetic nerves,
pericardium, internal
vagus, esophagus,
thoracic arteries and veins,
thoracic lymph duct,
bronchi, phrenic nerve,
lymph nodes
lymph nodes

Parietal layer Visceral layer

Diaphragmal Mediastinal Pulmonary pleura

Costal pleura
pleura pleura

Pleural sinuses (recesses)

1.Costomediastinal – behind sternum and costal
cartilages
2.Phrenicomediastinal – between diaphragm and
mediastinum
3.Costodiaphragmatic – between diaphragm and chest
wall
 Pleura and its derivatives

 Right pleural cavity

 Left pleural cavity
 Mediastinum
 Pleura and its derivatives
 Right pleural cavity
 Left pleural cavity
– Parietal layer
 Costal pleura
 Diaphragmal pleura
 Mediastenal pleura
– Visceral layer
 Pulmonary pleura
 Mediastinum
– Anterior section
– Middle section
– Posterior section
 Pleura and its derivatives
– Parietal layer of pleura
 (costal, diaphragmal, mediastenal pleura)
– Forms pleural sinuses or recesses
 Costomediastinal – behind sternum and costal
cartilages
 Phrenicomediastinal – between diaphragm and
mediastinum
 Costodiaphragmatic – between diaphragm and
chest wall
– Visceral layer
 Pulmonary pleura