Biodiversity

Chapter 9
 Learning
Outcomes At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
• Determine the interrelatedness of society, the environment, and
health;
• Explain the process of genetic engineering; and
• Discuss the ethics, implications, and potential future impacts of
GMOs

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 Introduction

• The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Risen

in 1986.
• The biosphere comprises of a complex collections of
innumerable organisms, known as the Biodiversity, which
constitute the vital support for survival of human race.
• Biological diversity, abbreviated as biodiversity, represent
the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular
fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multi cellular organisms
such as plants, fishes, and mammals at various biological
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 Biodiversity

Life Variety
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 THREE TYPES
OF
BIODIVERSIT
Y

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 Taxonomy

• classification system developed by the Swedish scientist Carl

Linnaeus to group similar organisms in the natural world.
• is the hierarchical system of classifying and naming organisms.
• it builds on the ability of the mind to find the common in the
diverse, the One in the Many.
• a system that is widely used today and demonstrates how many
characteristics are shared by all living things, despite how
diverse they are.
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 How do the many living organisms of a
diverse regions survived?

• The answer lies in the way the available energy

supply in the world is shared among the different
species through the various ecological
relationships. The energy needed to live a shared
among the elements of the living world, or passed
on from one to another.

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 The 2010 International Year of Biodiversity by Steffen Thorsen

• the United Nations (UN) declared 2010 to be the International Year of Biodiversity, the
International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, and the International Year of Youth.
• This diversity is often understood in terms of the variety of plants, animals, and
microorganisms.
• About 1.75 million species are identified, mostly small creatures such as insects.
• Some scientists believe that there are actually about 13 million species, though estimates
range from 3 to 100million.
• IYB focuses on boosting awareness of biodiversity’s importance by promoting actions to
foster biodiversity worldwide

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 BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY

CONSUMPTIVE VALUE NON-CONSUMPTIVE VALUE

• Food/Drink • Recreation
• Fuel • Education and Research
• Medicine • Traditional value
• Batter crop varieties
• Industrial Material

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 BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
 Balance of nature
 Biological productivity
 Regulation of climate
 Degradation of waste
 Cleaning of air and water
 Cycling of nutrients
 Control of potential pest and
disease causing species.
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 Detoxification of soil and
sediments
 Stabilization of land
again erosion
 Carbon sequestion and
global climate change
 Maintenance of soil
fertility
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 Biotechnology

• is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make

useful products, or any technological application that uses
biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes for specific use
“European Federation of Biotechnology(EFB)” has defined
biotechnology as “The integration of natural science and
organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for
products and services.”
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 OLDEST FORM OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Making breads and curds with the help of

microorganism.
• Application of fermentation is production of
wine and other alcoholic beverages is also a
biotechnological technique.

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 “Law and A module released by
policy of Biodiversity International
relevance to
(BI) which aims to help
the
management professionals in managing,
of play conserving, and using plant
genetic
genetic resources for food
resources”
and agriculture.
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 Biotechnology definitions:

• Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives

there of, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.
• Genetic Engineering is a technique that allows genes and DNA to be
transferred from one source to another. It leads to the production of living
modified organisms (LMO) or genetically modified organisms (GMO).
• Modern biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a
better understanding of the structure and function genes in living
organisms.

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 • It aims to develop new precision tools and
Modern
diagnostics.
Biotechnology
paves the way • Speed up breeding gains and efficiency.
for New • Develop pest and disease-resistant crops.
Developments on
Food and • Combat salinity, drought, andproblems of agriculture.
Agriculture, • Enhance the nutritional quality of food.
particularly:
• Increase crop varieties and choice.
• Reduce inputs and production costs.
• Increase profits.

(Bragdon, et al., 2005) 15

 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
• An organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by mean of genetic
engineering.
• Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an
organism’s genome using biotechnology.
• The characteristics of an organism and its successors can be modified today by modern
technology, giving rise to GMO.
• GMO is a plant, animal, microorganism, or other organism whose genetic makeup has been
modified using recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), gene modification, or
transgenic technology.
• Also called “transgenic” organism
• A result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one specie are extracted and
artificially inserted into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal
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 GENETIC MODIFICATION (GM) OR
GENETIC ENGINEERING

• Aims to address issues with regard to food security,

agriculture, drug production, and nutrition.
• Steps of the GM process:
 Identification of the desired trait from another organism.
 A gene containing this trait is first isolated and replicated.
 Insertion of the trait.
 After the insertion of the trait, the modified organism should
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 MOST COMMON TYPES OF GMO

• Foods - canola, soya bean, golden, rice, corn,

and aspartame.
• Medicine - insulin, hormones, and vaccines.
• Others - plants and crops, microbes,
mammals, insects, aquatic life.

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Producing
a GM crop
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 FOOD GMOs

• Crops are modified so when farmer kill weeds with

herbicides, the crops can withstand the exposure to the
herbicide - killing the weeds and not the crop.
• Although it is not as common, some types of GMOs are
modified to increase their nutrient content. Corn and
soybeans are two examples of crops that have higher -
nutrient GMO versions available.
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 MEDICINE GMOs

• Genetically modified medicines can be

produced cheaper and easier.
• Some GMOs are insulin (being the oldest),
thyroid hormones and the Hepatitis B vaccine

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 HISTORY OF GMOs

• First GMO created in 1973.

• After years of testing and research, GMOs were
introduced to farmers.
• In 1990s, genetically modified foods became
modified in stores

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 GENENTECH (1978)

• Becomes the first to synthesize insulin, later they created

a human growth hormone which was used to enable
dwarf children to grow to a normal size.
• Genentech’s Humulin is the first consumer product
developed through modern bioengineering.

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 MONSANTO (1982)

• Introduced a bovine growth hormone used in

cows to increase milk production.
• They were among the first to genetically
modify a plant cell in 1983.

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 CALGENE’S FAVR SAVR (1992)

• A tomato approved for commercial production by the US

Department of Agriculture.
• This was genetically engineered to remain firm for a longer
period of time.
• The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are not
dangerous and do not require special regulation(History of
genetics engineering, 2012)

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 Soybeans
• 93% of soybeans planted in
the US are genetically
modified. Soybeans are used
in products such as animal
feed, prepacked meals, and the
oil is used in many industrial
applications.
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Corn
• 86% of corn planted in the US fall
sunder the category of GMO. Maize is
the most widely grown grain crop in
America. It is used to make sugar
substitutes such as high fructose corn
syrup, a large quantity of processed
foods contain oil and also used in
making ethanol, a biofuel that is mixed
with gasoline to decrease the amount of
pollutant emitted by motor vehicles.
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 ENTICING FACTORS OF
TRANSGENIC CROPS
1. More resistant to spoilage
2. More resistant to pest
invasiveness
3. More resistant to harsh weather
conditions
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POSSIBLE THREATS THAT
MAYBE POSED BY GMOs
1. Farmer sovereignty
2. Food security of the country
WHAT ARE PEOPLE’S
CONCERNS?
• Is this food safe?
• Should food be labeled?
• Are there adverse
environmental effects?
• Patenting of seeds
• Discrimination against the
poor
• Who benefits?
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 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Reduce use of pesticides and other toxic • Unacceptable to some groups to
chemicals. copy genes.
• Desired characteristics of food are • Interfere in food chain.
achieved and in a shorter time.
• Genetically engineered animals
• Improves nutritional value.
may suffer more health problems.
• Many people rely on GM food for
• Allergic reactions
medicines.
• Gene technology is the best solution to the
• Genetic Pollution
problem of world hunger.

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 ARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY

• is an international agreement which aims to ensure

the safe handling, transport, and use of living
modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern
technology that may have adverse effects on
biological diversity, taking also into account risks to
human health.

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Given that the Philippines is
one of the world's biodiversity
"hotspots," it is useful to
understand how biotechnology
will progress in the nation.

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 • Corn • Rapseed (Canola)

TOP 10
• Soy • Potatoes
GENETICALL • Cottonseed • Tomatoes
Y MODIFIED
FOODS • Papaya • Dairy products
• Rice • Peas

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 CONCLUSION
Biodiversity is life. If the biodiversity got lost at
this rate then in the near future, the survival of
human being will be threatened. So, it is our
moral duty to conserve. Biodiversity as well as
our environment. Long-term maintenance of
species and their management requires
cooperative efforts across entire landscapes.
Biodiversity should be dealt with at a scale of
habitats or ecosystems rather than at species
level.

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 Thank you
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