ATOM

Scientists and Their

Contribution to the
Model of an Atom
 DEMOCRITUS
(460 BC – 370 BC)

• Proposed an Atomic Theory

(Atomos or Atomon) (along
with his mentor Leucippus)
which states:
• all atoms are small, hard, indivisible
and indestructible particles made of
a single material
• Can be rearranged to form different
shapes and sizes.
• Aristotle did not support his
atomic theory Image taken from:
https://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.co
m/T.+Glenn+Time+Line+Project
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
(1743 – 1794)

∙ Known as the “Father of

Modern Chemistry”
∙ Was the first person to
generate a list of thirty-
three elements in his
textbook
∙ proposed that combustion
occurs when oxygen combines
with other elements
∙ proposed the Law of
Conservation of Mass (or
Image taken from: Matter) which states, in a
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/geot
ime2.html chemical reaction, matter is
neither created nor destroyed
John DALTON
In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
1. All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that cannot
be created, divided, or destroyed.
2. Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of different
elements are different
3. Compound elements’ (i.e. compounds)
are formed when atoms of different
elements join in simple ratios to form
‘compound atoms’ (i.e.
molecules)Calculated the
atomic weights of many various
elements
4. Atoms can neither be created nor
destroyed.
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../John-Dalton.h
tm
 J.J. THOMSON
Proved that an atom can be divided into
smaller parts
∙While experimenting with cathode-ray
tubes, discovered “corpuscles”, which
were later called electrons
∙Stated that the atom is neutral
∙In 1897, proposed the Plum Pudding
Model which states that atoms mostly
consist of positively charged material
with negatively charged particles
Image taken from:
(electrons) located throughout the
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/dayi
ntech_0430 positive material
∙Won a Nobel Prize, 1906
Plum-pudding Model
positive sphere
(pudding) with
negative electrons
(plums) dispersed
throughout
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
∙In 1909, performed the and
suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o An atom consists of a small core, or
nucleus, that contains most of the mass of
the atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles called
protons, which have a positive charge
o The protons are surrounded by negatively
charged electrons, but most of the atom is
actually empty space
o Rutherford’s model was called the
“planetary model”
∙Did extensive work on
radioactivity (alpha & beta
particles, gamma rays/waves) and
was referred to as the “Father of
Nuclear Physics” Image taken from:
http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Phys
ics/Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
∙Was a student of J.J. Thomson
 NIELS BOHR
(1885 – 1962)

∙ In 1913, proposed the

Bohr Model, which
suggests that:
∙ electrons travel around the
nucleus of an atom in orbits or
definite paths.
∙ electrons can jump from a path in
one level to a path in another level
(depending on their energy)
Image taken from:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Niel
s_Bohr.jpg

∙ Won a Nobel Prize, 1922

∙ Worked with Ernest
Rutherford
Bright-line spectrum

Planetary Model
electrons move in
circular orbits
within specific
energy levels
 LOUIS DE BROGLIE
(1892-1987)

•In 1924, presented research that led

to the development the theory of Wave
Mechanics also called Quantum
Theory or Quantum Mechanics**
•transformed knowledge of physical
phenomena on the atomic scale.
•Won Nobel Prize, 1929
WERNER HEISENBERG
(1901-1976)
•Studied plasma physics,
atomic physics and
thermonuclear processes
•Won Nobel prize, 1932
•Famous for Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle –
electrons do NOT travel in
neat orbits
•1925-Introduced Theory
of Quantum Mechanics* to
explain behaviors of
electrons and other
subatomic particles
ERWIN SCHRODINGER
(1887-1961)

• In 1926, he further explained

the nature of electrons in an
atom by stating that:
• the exact location of an electron cannot
be stated; therefore, it is more accurate
to view the electrons in regions called
electron clouds; electron clouds are
places where the electrons are likely to
be found
• Did extensive work on the
Wave formula 🡪 Schrodinger
equation Image taken from:
nobelprize.org/.../1933/schrodinger-bi
o.html

• Won a Nobel Prize, 1933

 Electron Cloud Model (orbital)
dots represent probability of finding
an e-
not actual electrons
JAMES CHADWICK
(1891 – 1974)

∙ Realized that the atomic mass

of most elements was double
the number of protons 🡪
discovery of the neutron in
1932
∙ Worked on the Manhattan
Project
∙ Worked with Ernest
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/dayi
Rutherford
ntech_0227

∙ Won a Nobel Prize, 1935

 Neutron Model
revision of Rutherford’s
Nuclear Model
MURRAY GELL-MANN
(1929 – )

•Won the Nobel

Prize, 1969
•In 1964 proposed
that protons and
neutrons were
made up of sub-
subatomic particles
called “quarks”
• Can never be isolated
• There are up quarks
and down quarks
KEY CONCEPT
All living things are based on atoms and their
interactions.
LIVING THINGS CONSIST OF ATOMS OF
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS.

• An atom is the smallest basic unit of

matter.
• An element is one type of atom. H
Hydrogen atom (H)
• Elements cannot be broken down
into a simpler substance.

Oxygen atom (O)

O
• An atom has a nucleus and electrons.
▪ The nucleus has protons and neutrons.
▪ Electrons are in energy levels outside nucleus.

Oxygen atom (O)

outermost energy level:

6 electrons (-)
Nucleus:
8 protons (+)
8 neutrons

inner energy level:

2 electrons (-)
• A compound is made of atoms of different elements
bonded together.
▪ water (H2O)

O
H H
+ +
• A compound is made of atoms of different elements
bonded together.

▪ carbon dioxide (CO2)

 • A compound is made of atoms of different elements
bonded together.

▪ There are many other carbon-based compounds in living things. The 4 major
groups are:
▪ Carbohydrates
▪ Lipids
▪ Proteins
▪ Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
 • A compound is made of atoms of different elements
bonded together.
▪ 96% of the mass of the human body is made of:
▪ Carbon (C)
▪ Hydrogen (H)
▪ Oxygen (O)
▪ Nitrogen (N)

▪ The other 4% is composed of:

✔Sulfur (S)
✔Calcium (Ca)
✔Phosphorous (P)
✔Iron (Fe)
✔Sodium (Na)
IONS FORM WHEN ATOMS GAIN OR LOSE
ELECTRONS.
• An ion is an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons.
▪ positive ions
▪ negative ions

• Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.

Electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another.
gained
Na loses an electron
electron to CI ionic bond

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom

(CI) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (CI-)
IONS FORM WHEN ATOMS GAIN OR LOSE
ELECTRONS.
• Ions are charged atoms.
❑ cations – have more protons than electrons and are
positively charged
❑ anions – have more electrons than protons and are
negatively charged
ATOMS SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS IN
COVALENT BONDS.
• A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of
electrons.
– A molecule is 2 or more atoms held together by
covalent bonds.
covalent bonds

Oxygen atom (O) Carbon atom (C) Oxygen atom (O)

Carbon dioxide (CO2 )

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING
ATOMS,MOLECULES, COMPOUNDS OR IONS
• H
• H+
• H2
• H2O
• Mg
• O2 +
• NaCl
• Na+
• Cl
• Cl2
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING
ATOMS,MOLECULES, COMPOUNDS OR IONS
• H = atoms
• H+ = ions
• H2 = molecules
• H2O = compounds
• Mg = atoms
• O2+ = ions
• NaCl = compounds
• Na+ = ions
• Cl = atoms
• Cl2 = molecules
 Atomic Structure
Atoms are composed of
-protons – positively charged particles
-neutrons – neutral particles
-electrons – negatively charged particles

Protons and neutrons are located in the

nucleus. Electrons are found in orbitals
surrounding the nucleus.
 HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton

N
+ -
+
- N

electron neutron
 Atomic Structure
Every different atom has a characteristic
number of protons in the nucleus.

atomic number = number of protons

Atoms with the same atomic number

have the same chemical properties and
belong to the same element.
 Atomic Structure
Each proton and neutron has a mass of
approximately 1 dalton.

The sum of protons and neutrons is the atom’s

atomic mass.

Isotopes – atoms of the same element that

have different atomic mass numbers due to
different numbers of neutrons.
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
MASS NUMBER (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
ISOTOPES are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers
of neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic
Z
AX
Number Element
Mass Number
Symbol

1 1 1
1H 2H (D) 3H (T)
92 92
235 U 238U
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure- Isotopes
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic number

He
the number of protons in an atom 2

Atomic mass
the number of protons and
4
neutrons in an atom# of p+ # of n)

number of electrons = number of protons

Example: Sodium, Na – atomic number 11
- atomic mass 23
# of proton – 11 is equal to
# of electron – 11
# of neutron= atomic mass- # of protons (atomic number)
= 23 -11
= 12

Example: Neon, Ne – atomic number= 10; atomic mass=

20
# of protons= 10
# of electrons= 10
# of neutrons= 10
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

# of protons = 26 26 Atomic number

Atomic mass- # of protons= # of neutrons

56- 26 = 30 # of neutrons
56 Fe
Atomic mass

number of electrons = number of protons

Number of electrons = 26
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

# of protons =____________ 82 Atomic number

Atomic mass- # of protons= # of neutrons

# of neutrons =
207 Pb
Atomic mass
___________________

number of electrons =____________

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

# of protons = 82 82 Atomic number

Atomic mass- # of protons= # of neutrons

# of neutrons = 207-82
207 Pb
Atomic mass
# of neutrons = 125

number of electrons = 82
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

# of protons = 3 Atomic number

Atomic mass- # of protons= # of neutrons

# of neutrons =
7 Li
Atomic mass

number of electrons =
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

# of protons =3 3 Atomic number

Atomic mass- # of protons= # of neutrons

# of neutrons = 7-3
7 Li
Atomic mass
# of neutrons = 4

number of electrons = 3