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    Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions without being consumed. They work through weakening bonds to lower activation energy. Enzymes are specific, only catalyzing one reaction, and are present in small amounts. Environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and ion concentration can affect enzyme activity. Cofactors and coenzymes are sometimes required for activity. Enzyme inhibitors bind to the active site and prevent substrate binding, slowing the reaction. Common inhibitors include competitive inhibitors that mimic substrate and non-competitive inhibitors that bind elsewhere, inducing a conformational change.

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    Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions without being consumed. They work through weakening bonds to lower activation energy. Enzymes are specific, only catalyzing one reaction, and are present in small amounts. Environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and ion concentration can affect enzyme activity. Cofactors and coenzymes are sometimes required for activity. Enzyme inhibitors bind to the active site and prevent substrate binding, slowing the reaction. Common inhibitors include competitive inhibitors that mimic substrate and non-competitive inhibitors that bind elsewhere, inducing a conformational change.

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    3 views36 pages

    Enzymes

    Uploaded by

    hakdog hakdog
    Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions without being consumed. They work through weakening bonds to lower activation energy. Enzymes are specific, only catalyzing one reaction, and are present in small amounts. Environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and ion concentration can affect enzyme activity. Cofactors and coenzymes are sometimes required for activity. Enzyme inhibitors bind to the active site and prevent substrate binding, slowing the reaction. Common inhibitors include competitive inhibitors that mimic substrate and non-competitive inhibitors that bind elsewhere, inducing a conformational change.

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    of 36

    ENZYMES

    TERMINOLOGI
    ES
    - reactions that build up
    Anabolic reactions molecule

    - reactions that break down


    Catabolic reactions molecules

    - combination of anabolic and


    Metabolism catabolic reactions

    - a substance that speeds up


    Catalyst reactions without changing the
    produced products
    Metabolic pathway
    • - sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions

    Specificity
    • - only able to catalyze specific reactions

    Substrate
    • - the molecule/s the enzyme works on

    Product
    • - molecule/s produced by enzymes
    NAMING ENZYMES
    Intracellular Enzymes
    • - Work inside cells ex: DNA polymerase
    Extracellular Enz ymes
    • - Secreted by cells and work outside cells ex: pepsin, amylase

    Recommended names
    • - Short name, often ending in ‘ase’ ex: creatinine kinase
    Systematic names
    • - Describes the type of reaction being catalysed ex: ATP: creatine
    phosphotransferase
    Classification number
    • - ex: 2,7,3,4
    DISCOVERY
    TIMELINE
    James B. Sumner
    Eduard Buchner produced first pure
    extracted enzyme crystalline enzyme
    from yeast and (urease) and showed
    Breakdown of starch showed it could enzymes were Sumner awarded
    to sugar by malt work outside cells proteins Nobel Prize

    1877 1905 1930–1936

    1835 1897 1926 1946

    Protein nature of
    Name enzyme Otto Rohm extracted enzymes finally
    coined to describe pancreatic proteases established when
    chemicals in yeast to supply enzymes digestive enzymes
    that ferment sugars for tanning crystallized by John
    H. Northrop
    What are enzymes?
    All enzymes
    But not all Act as NOT
    are proteins
    CATALYST PERMANEN
    (tertiary and proteins are to accelerate TLY changed
    quaternary enzymes a reaction in the process
    structures)
    • Enzymes are globular proteins

    • Active site has a specific shape


    due to tertiary structure of protein

    • A change in shape of the protein


    affects shape of active site and the
    function of the enzye
    How do enzymes work?
    • Enzymes work by
    weakening bonds which
    lowers activation energy
    CHARACTERISTICS OF
    ENZYMES
    ONLY CHANGE THE RATE OF SPECIFIC TO A PRESENT IN VERY
    REACTION. THEY DO NOT PARTICULAR REACTION SMALL AMOUNTS DUE
    CHANGE THE EQUILIBRIUM TO HIGH MOLECULAR
    OR END PRODUCTS
    ACTIVITY
    FACTORS AFFECTING
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Environmental condition Cofactors and Coenzyme Enzyme inhibitors
    Environmental
    Conditions
    Extreme pH (most likely 6– 8 Ionic concentration
    temperature pH or near neutral) (salt ions)

    - high temperatures
    may denature
    (unfold) the enzyme
    Cofactors and
    Coenzymes
    Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins are sometimes need for
    proper enzymatic activity.

    Example: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure (Hemoglobin)


    in order for it to pick up oxygen.
    ENZYME INHIBITORS
    TWO EXAMPLES OF
    ENZYME INHIBITORS

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