ENZYM

ES
 ENZYMES AND Chemical
Reactions
•Chemical reactions must occur continuously in living things!
•Examples: REACTANTS
– Photosynthesis
– Breaking down food

•Can occur with the help of

macromolecules called

ENZYMES.
ENZYMES
Enzyme names usually end in -ASE
PRODUCTS
ENZYMES ARE Proteins…
IC
ORGAN CARB
ON
COM
POUN
DS

MADE OF AMINO ACID

MONOMERS

CONTAIN
NITROGEN
PEPTIDE BONDS
 FUNCTION OF
Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that function as
CATALYSTS
•This means they help to speed up chemical reactions
How? They lower the activation energy of reaction so it
takes LESS energy for the reaction to take place.
•Enzymes are very specific and will only catalyze one
specific chemical reaction. This means there are TONS of
enzymes at work at all times!
•The enzyme wont change after the reaction takes place,
it is recycled!
VS.
 Structure of Enzymes
Substrate
Enzymes match with a
substrate that fits like a
Active puzzle at an active site.
Site

Enzyme LABEL
YOURS!
 STRUCTURE OF ENZYMES
 The structure of enzymes and substrates are a “lock and key” model
 The molecules that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.
 The location where they bind (sit down) is called the active site.

1 3
2

Ex. DISACCHARIDE TURNS TO MONOSACCHARIDES

• After the enzyme and substrate bind it is called an enzyme-substrate

complex.
 Factors that affect enzyme
action
• Temperature- the rate of an enzyme increases with temperature.
• If the temperature is too high, it can DENATURE (destroy) the
shape of an enzyme so that it no longer fits the substrate.
Factors that affect enzyme action
•pH- enzymes work efficiently at a specific pH.
– Enzymes in blood work best at a pH of 7 (neutral)
– Enzymes in stomach work best at a pH of 2 (acid)
– Enzymes in intestine work best at a pH of 8 (base)
 Factors that affect enzyme
action
• Chemical messengers called HORMONES can
signal a cell to start or stop an enzyme from
working.
• An INHIBITOR may prevent or slow the enzyme
rate by blocking the active site where the
substrate sits down!
 Factors that affect enzyme
action
List the factors that affect enzyme
action in your notes.

• Temperature
• pH
• Hormones
• Inhibitors
 Examples of biological enzymes
•Lipase — breaking down of fats (lipid)
•Protease — breaking down of proteins
•Cellulase — breaking down of fiber (cellulose)
•Amylase — breaking down of starch (amylose)
•Lactase — breaking down of dairy products (lactose)
•Sucrase — breaking down of sugar (sucrose)
•Maltase — breaking down of grains (maltose)