University Institute of Computing

Bachelor of Computer Applications

Computer Networks
21CAT-252/21CAT-271/21SCT-252

Wired Transmission DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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 Agenda
• Transmission Media Introduction
• Types of transmission media
• Guided Media
• Types of Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable

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 Transmission Medium

•Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from

the sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
•The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the
form of bits through LAN(Local Area Network).
•It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication.
•The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber optics, atmosphere,
water, and vacuum.

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 Transmission Medium

The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by the

characteristics of medium and signal.
•Different transmission media have different properties such as bandwidth, delay,
cost and ease of installation and maintenance.
•The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI reference model,
i.e., Physical layer.

Figure-1Transmission medium[1]

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Transmission Medium and Physical
layer

Figure-1Transmission medium[1]

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Classes of Transmission media

Figure-2 Class of Transmission[1]

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 Guided Media

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another,
include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

• Twisted-Pair Cable

• Coaxial Cable

• Fiber-Optic Cable

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 Twisted-pair cable
• Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of cables twisted with each
other.
• One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used only
as a ground reference.
• A twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to other transmission media.
• Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a lightweight cable.
• The frequency range for twisted pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.
• A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral
pattern.
• The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined by the number of
turns per foot. Increasing the number of turns per foot decreases noise
interference.
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Twisted-pair cable

Figure-3Twisted pair cable[1]

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Twisted-pair cable

Figure-3Twisted pair cable[1]

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UTP and STP cables

Figure-4TUTP and STP Cable[1]

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 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication. Following are the
categories of the unshielded twisted pair cable:
•Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines that have low-speed data.
•Category 2: It can support upto 4Mbps.
•Category 3: It can support upto 16Mbps.
•Category 4: It can support upto 20Mbps. Therefore, it can be used for long-
distance communication.
•Category 5: It can support upto 200Mbps.
•Category 6: CAT6 can support up to 1000 Mbps (1GbE) at a 250MHz bandwidth.
Better yet, a newer version of CAT6 that Cablesys offers can support up to 1GbE at
a 500MHz bandwidth.

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Categories of unshielded twisted-
pair cables

Table-1Cable Categories twisted pair[1]

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 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
Advantages Of Unshielded Twisted Pair:

•It is cheap.
•Installation of the unshielded twisted pair is easy.
•It can be used for high-speed LAN.

Disadvantage:

•This cable can only be used for shorter distances because of attenuation.

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 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable combines the techniques of shielding,
cancellation, and wire twisting. Each pair of wires is wrapped in a metallic foil .The
four pairs of wires then are wrapped in an overall metallic braid or foil, usually 150-
ohm cable. STP usually is installed with STP data connector, which is created
especially for the STP cable. However, STP cabling also can use the same RJ
connectors that UTP uses.
Although STP prevents interference better than UTP, Because of its cost and
difficulty with termination, STP is rarely used in Ethernet networks. STP is
primarily used in Europe

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 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
Advantages:

•It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded twisted pair cable.

•It is shielded that provides the higher data transmission rate.

Disadvantages:

•It is more expensive as compared to UTP and coaxial cable and difficult to install.
•It has a higher attenuation rate.
•In addition, the metallic shielding must be grounded at both ends. If it is improperly
grounded, the shield acts like an antenna and picks up unwanted signals.

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UTP connector

Figure-5UTP Connector1]

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 Coaxial cable
• A coaxial cable is an electrical cable with a copper conductor and an
insulator shielding around it and a braided metal mesh that prevents signal
interference and cross talk. Coaxial cable is also known as coax.

• The core copper conductor is used for the transmission of signals and the
insulator is used to provide insulation to the copper conductor and the
insulator is surrounded by a braided metal conductor which helps to prevent
the interference of electrical signals and prevent cross talk.

• This entire setup is again covered with a protective plastic layer to provide
extra safety to the cable.

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Coaxial cable

Figure-7Coaxial Cable[1]

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 Coaxial cable
• Copper conductor: A central conductor, which consists of copper. The
conductor is the point at which data transmits.

• Insulator: Dielectric plastic insulation around the copper conductor. it is

used to maintain the spacing between the center conductor and shield.

• Braided mesh: A braided mesh of copper helps to shield from

electromagnetic interference, The braid provides a barrier against EMI
moving into and out of the coaxial cable.

• Protective plastic layer: An external polymer layer, which has a plastic

coating. It is used to protect internal layers from damages.
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Categories of coaxial cables

Table-2Categories coaxial cable[1]

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BNC connectors

Figure-8BNC Connector[1]

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Types of coaxial cables

Fig -8 Types of coaxial cable[1]

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 Types of coaxial cables

Baseband transmission – 

1.Digital signalling.
2.Frequency division multiplexing is not possible.
3.Baseband is bi-directional transmission.
4.Short distance signal travelling.
5.Entire bandwidth is for single signal transmission.
6.Example: Ethernet is using Basebands for LAN.

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 Types of coaxial cables

Broadband transmission – 

1.Analog signalling.
2.Transmission of data is unidirectional.
3.Signal travelling distance is long.
4.Frequency division multiplexing possible.
5.Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over different frequencies.
6.Example : Used to transmit cable TV to premises.

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 References

[1]http://widi.lecturer.pens.ac.id/Teori/Komunikasi%20Data/Data
%20Communications%20and%20Networking%20By%20Behrouz
%20A.Forouzan.pdf

[2]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR3l1L1oCb0&list=PL9P1J9q3_9fNXTTpJ1
TM0gJDdjM9HBGxN&index=1

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THANK YOU

For any query:

Jyoti.e11736@cumail.in

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