Information capacity of

systems with direct detection

                                                                                           Presented by
                                                                                           Rohini B (22304008)
                                                                                           M.Tech ECE I Year
                                                                                           Pondicherry University
Contents
Direct Detection
Information capacity
Information capacity of a system with direct detection

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Direct Detection
In direct detection, the optical signal is transmitted over the fiber-
optic cable and then received by a photodetector.
The photodetector converts the optical signal into an electrical signal
by detecting the changes in the intensity of the light.
The electrical signal is then amplified and processed to extract the
original information.

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Information capacity
The information capacity of an optical communication system is the
maximum amount of information that can be transmitted over the
system per unit time.

The information capacity of an optical communication system is

determined by several factors, including
                  1. Bandwidth of the optical channel
                  2. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 
                  3. Modulation format used to encode the information.

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Bandwidth : The bandwidth of the communication channel,
consists of the range of frequencies over which the system can
transmit information. A wider bandwidth allows for the transmission
of a higher data rate. The bandwidth is determined by the modulation
scheme used and the properties of the fiber optic cable.
Signal power: The signal power is the power of the optical signal
received at the detector and is proportional to the intensity of the
transmitted signal, the fiber loss, and the coupling efficiency of the
system. A higher signal power allows for the transmission of more
information per unit of time.
Noise: The noise level in the system is the sum of all the noise
sources that contribute to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the
system.
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Information capacity of a system with
direct detection

 Fig (a) consists of a transmitter, a noise

source, a propagation channel, and a
receiver.

 The direct detection receiver is one that

recovers the communicated data from the
intensity of the received electric field, while
using a single photo-diode.
Fig (b) consists of a square optical band-pass filter of width B that
rejects out of band noise, a photo-diode whose output current is
proportional to the received optical intensity, and a processing unit
that recovers the information. 
The information capacity of an optical communication system with
direct detection can be calculated using the following formula:
                                C = B log2(1 + (Psignal/Pnoise))
where,
            C - channel capacity in bits per second
            B - B is the bandwidth in Hz
            Psignal - Signal power ;  Pnoise - Noise power 

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 The signal power can be calculated as:
               
                                  Psignal = (1/2) * Pavg * (1 + M2)
Where,
            Pavg - Average optical power 
            M - Modulation Index

 The noise power can be calculated as:

              
                            Pnoise = 2 * q * Id * B + 2 * q * Idark * B
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where,
          q - charge of an electron
         Id - photo current
          Idark - dark current

 The channel capacity depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),

which can be calculated as:

                                       SNR = Psignal/Pnoise

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Thus the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted
over the system per unit of time can be calculated by the
given bandwidth, signal power, and noise level.
The higher the information capacity, the more data can be
transmitted over the system per unit of time.

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Thank you

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