Report of the Term Paper

on

Propagation of Light in Optical Fibers

Having Micro to Nano Dimensions
(OFMN)
Presented by
SHAMIM AKHTAR
Roll No : 241319018

 
Under the Guidance of
Prof. MOUSUMI BASU
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology,
Shibpur, Howrah - 711103
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Table of Contents
 Introduction to Optical Fiber

 A Brief History of Fiber Optics Evolution

 Introduction to Optical Micro / Nanofibers

 Literature Review on Optical MNF s

 Theoretical Background
 Wave Equation in Cylindrical Coordinate

 Exact Solution of the Step index Circular Waveguide

 Conclusions
 Future plan of work

 References

 Acknowledgement 2
 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL
FIBERS
Optical fiber - A cylindrical
waveguide of transparent dielectric
having diameter ~ 70 µm .
It guides light loaded with
information by the phenomenon of
total internal reflection. Structure of Optical Fiber

Consists of a very thin transparent dielectric (doped silica

glass) core (high RI), surrounded by a lower RI material (pure
glass) known as cladding.
Extensive applications:
i. Medical applications, ii. Long distance Communication
(Due to low loss, capable of carrying ~65000 times more
information than copper wire) and many more. 3
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS
EVOLUTION
 The term ‘Fiber Optics’ was first coined by NarinderSingh
Kapany in 1956 in his PhD Thesis ‘‘Transparent fibres for the
transmission of optical image’’.
 1880 - Alexander Graham Bell patented the very first optical
telephone.
 1938 - Alec Reeves discovered that telephone signals could be
converted into digital signals for transmission and then back to analog
form for delivery.
 In 1960 1st He-Ne laser was invented. Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany

Charles Kao & George Hockham found the way to design

Charles Kao doing an early experiment
on optical fibers at the Standard
telecommunication Laboratories
a fiber with 20 dB/km loss which could realize the dream of
optical communication.
1970s - scientists at Corning Glass single-mode was
developed having 16 dB/km loss at 633 nm wavelength.
In 1979 Miya et al. attained a loss of about 0.2 dB/km in
the near infrared part of the spectrum.
In 1986 David Payne & Emmanuel Desurvire developed
erbium-doped fiber amplifier .
In 1997 FLAG became the longest single cable network &
it is the primary basis for the implication of next generations of
4
Internet.
 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL Fiber In MICRO / NANO Dimensions
(OFMN)
Optical Fiber In Micro/Nano
Dimensions (OFMN) are optical fibers with
diameters comparable to the vacuum
wavelength of visible or near-infrared light .
OFMNs provide tight optical confinement ,
unique geometries of fiber modes, low
attenuation, & promise of high atom–light
interaction. Schematic of an Optical Nanofiber
OFMNs are used for sensing & detection &
coupling light to resonators, NV centers, or Structure of designing a fiber in
micro/nano dimension (OFMN)
photonic crystals.

History of Nanofiber design and its different ways:

Harfenist et al. (2004) published a report about the direct drawing of MNFs
from solvated polymers .
Sumetsky et al. (2004) showed the process of fabrication of MNFs by drawing
conventional optical fiber in a micro furnace made of a sapphire-tube heated with CO 2
laser.
Zhang et al. (2010) demonstrated the method of hydrofluoric acid flow etching
to fabricate an extremely low-loss, sub-wavelength diameter bi-conical fiber tapers .
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History of several kind of OFMN based Sensors
 Liang et al. (2005) developed a
combined Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
technology with a wet chemical etch
erosion technique & produced different
kind of Refractive Index sensors.
 Zhang et al. (2008) reported a RH
sensor.
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor

Zeng et al. (2009) experimentally

presented a compact sensor based on
OFMN knot resonator, for sensing the
temperature.
Kurizki et al. (2015); Xiang et al.
(2013) reviewed the enhancing field of
hybrid quantum systems using optical
Optical Microfiber coupler sensor
OFMN.
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 THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
 Wave Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates:
 As the refractive index profiles n(r) of mostly used optical fibers are cylindrically symmetric, it is
convenient to use cylindrical coordinates system.
 The field components in cylindrical coordinate are Er , Eφ , Ez , Hr , Hφ , and Hz .

 The wave equation for the z-component of the field vectors can be written as –

………… (1)

where k² = ω²n²/ c² and we assume – …………(2)

 The electric and magnetic field are: …………(3)

 Representing the Maxwell’s curl equation in terms of the cylindrical components:

……(4) ……...(5)

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 Using equation (4) & (5), Er , Eφ , Hr , & Hφ can be solved in terms of Ez and Hz as given below

……(6) ……(7)

 Assuming the z dependence of equation (2), the wave equation (1) becomes –

……(8)

 Now the z-component of the field can be represented as: ……(9)

 Hence Equation 8 is modified as: ; where ……(10)

 Equation (10) is the Bessel differential equation & the general solutions are given by –

 For k²- β² > 0, h² = k²- β² ……(11)

 For k²- β² < 0, q² = β²- k² ……(12)

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EXACT SOLUTION OF THE STEP INDEX CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE

 The radial dependence of the fields Ez & Hz

is given by equation (8) or (9).
 For confined propagation, n1 > β /k0 > n2 .
 The field components within the core (r < a)are:
 EZ (r, t) = AJℓ(hr) exp [ (ωt +ℓφ – βz)]
……(13)
 Hz(r, t) = BJℓ(hr) exp [ (ωt +ℓφ – βz)] Structure of index profile of a step index
circular waveguide
 The fields of a confined mode in the cladding region (r > a) are:
 EZ (r, t) =C Kℓ(qr) exp [ (ωt +ℓφ – βz)]
……(14)
 Hz(r, t) = D Kℓ(qr) exp [ (ωt +ℓφ – βz)]
 Using all these equations, we can calculate all the field components in both the
core and cladding region
 Field components within the core ( r < a ):

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……(15)
  Field components within the cladding region ( r < a ):

Here,

……(16)
ε1= ε0 n1².

ε2 = ε0 n2²

 Using the boundary condition & the property of non trivial solution we
finally get the transcendental equation

……(17)

 Once the eigenvalues are determined, we employ the boundary conditions to

solve the ratios B/A, C/A, and D/A that determine the six field components
of the mode corresponding to each propagation constant β. 10
 CONCLUSIONS
 The modern day’s technology is advancing with such a rapid rate -
courtesy to fiber optics.
 Till date, different types of MNF optical sensors have been
demonstrated for physical, chemical & biological uses. Rapid progress
on MNFs with new functional structures & materials, as well as new
mechanism or effects for optical sensing, will continue to explore MNF
based optical sensors with new possibilities to take a glimpse into the
future.

 Future plan of work

 In future we can plan to utilize the theoritical guidelines to design
optical MNFs by using the widely used material silica. Thereafter we can
calculate the propagation constants for guided modes & the field
distribution of the guided modes & will try to prepare it for MNF-based
quantum sensing.
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 Reference
1. G.P.Agrawal, “Nonlinear fiber optics” Academic press.
2. A.Ghatak and K.thyagrajan “Introduction to fiber optics”.
3. L.M.Tong,R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom et al., “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss
optical wave guiding,” Nature.
4. J. Bures and R. Ghosh, “Power density of the evanescent field in the vicinity of a tapered fiber,”
Journal of the Optical Society America A.
5. G. Brambilla, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, “Ultra-low-loss optical fiber nanotapers,” Optics
Express.
6. A.W. Snyder, J. Love “Optical Waveguide Theory”, Science Paperbacks.
7. D. Gupta, G. Kumar, and K. Thyagarajan, “Nonlinear pulse propagation in dispersion
decreasing fibers,” Opt. Communication.
8. J. Y. Lou, L. M. Tong, and Z. Z. Ye, “Modeling of silica nanowires for optical sensing,” Optics
Express.
9. P. Polynkin, A. Polynkin, N. Peyghambarian et al., “Evanescent field-based optical fiber sensing
device for measuring the refractive index of liquids in microfluidic channels,” Optics Letters.
10. S. A. Harfenist, S. D. Cambron, E. W. Nelson et al., “Direct drawing of suspended
filamentary micro and nanostructures from liquid polymers”, Nano Letters, vol. 4, no. 10, pp.
1931-1937, 2004
11. E. J. Zhang, W. D. Sacher, and J. K. Poon, “Hydrofluoric acid flow etching of low-loss subwavelength-
diameter biconical fiber tapers,” Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 21, pp. 22593-22598, 2010.
12. Solano, P., Grover, J. A., Xu, Y., Barberis-Blostein, P., Munday, J. N., Orozco, L. A., Phillips, W. D.,
Rolston, S. L., Alignment-dependent decay rate of an atomic dipole near an optical nanofiber, 2017. 12
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I do hereby take the opportunity to express my sincere & heartfelt gratitude to
my supervisor Prof. Mousumi Basu of our department for her resourceful
guidance, constant encouragement & regular interaction throughout my
work.
My earnest thanks to our Head of the Department of Physics Dr. Krishnendu
Mukherjee, for extending his support & encouragement.
 I also want to thank all the Teachers & non-teaching staffs of Department of
Physics, Indian Institute of Science & Technology, Shibpur for their support.
 I express my deep sense gratitude to my seniors Binoy Krishna Ghosh &
Somen Adhikary for their valuable suggestion, co-ordination & support
without which it wouldn’t have been possible for me to complete my term
paper within the time frame.
 I extend my sincere thanks to all my classmates for their direct & indirect
encouragement & cooperation.
 Last but not the least; I owe my utmost gratitude to my family members for
their constant inspiration & sacrifices. 13
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