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4-1 (Welded Connection)
4-1 (Welded Connection)
History of Welding:
5500 B.C. Egyptians recognize “forge welding” for copper and gold.
800 A.D. “Damascus Sword”-Layers of metal forge welded to high strength.
1877 A.D. Elihu Thompson, Electric resistance welding possibility
recognized.
1889 A.D. P. Strohmeyer introduced the concept of coated electrodes
(Shielded Arc Weld), (SMAW).
1903 A.D. Fouche & Picard introduced oxyacetylene cutting and welding
techniques.
1932 A.D. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW).
1990 A.D. Welding Automation (Robotics).
W-1
1 – Shielded Metal Arc Weld (SMAW):
Most popular welding technique (stick welding).
The electrode coating performs the following:
A – Produce gaseous shield to exclude oxygen.
B – Introduce deoxider material to improve grain.
C – Produce a blanket of slag to retard cooling and prevent
oxidation.
W-2
2 – Submerged Arc Weld (SAW):
In this process the automatically fed arc (spool) is protected
by a blanket of granular material called “flux”.
This flux material acts to improve weld quality and to protect it from
the air. Most (SAW) processes are used in welding
shops and not at site. (SAW) is designated by AWS as:
(“FXXX-EXXX”)
W-4
4 – Flux Arc Weld (FCAW):
Developed in 1958, very similar to (GMAW), but the filler
material is a tabular rod on a spool that contains the flux
material inside it. The internal flux assumed similar role for
the shield on the SMAW process.
Weld base metal
(steel)
1mm
B – Lap Joints:
Is the most common, due to ease of fitting, requires
“fillet weld”, and can be double-sided.
C – Tee Joints:
Useful for fabricating
“Built-up” sections
D – Corner Joints:-
B) Fillet Welds :
More popular as they require
no special alignment of pieces, nor
edge preparation.
(b) Fillet weld. W-7
C) Slot Weld :
D) Plug Weld :
Same as above
W-8
W-9
W-10
Aw = te Lw {AISC J 2.1.1a. Page 16.1-93}
where:
Aw = Effective area of weld.
te = Effective throat thickness.
Lw = Length of weld.
t2
t1 t t
te = t
te = t1
W-12
1 – Minimum Size of Fillets Welds :
W-13
3 – Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Welds :
W-14
Select a suitable fillet weld size for the connection shown below:
Solution :-
Maximum weld size
For ½” thick plate:
½”
1 1 1 7
t in.
16 2 16 16
1”
Minimum weld size for
5
the 1 thick plate in.
16
3
Select a weld size in - between in.
8
ΦRnw 0.90 t e y
0.90 t e (0.6 Fy ) base material
ΦRnw 0.90 t e (0.6 FEXX ) weld material
W-19
2 – Fillet Welds
The design strength per unit length of fillet weld is based on the
shear resistance through the effective throat of the weld (Table J2.5):-
ΦR nw 0.75 t e (0.6 FEXX ) weld material
0.45 t e FEXX
but should not be greater than the shear capacity of the base metal:
ΦR nw 0.75 t (0.6 Fu ) base material
0.45 t Fu (J4.2)
where:
te = Effective throat thickness.
FEXX = Tensile strength of electrode.
t = Thickness of the base metal.
Fu = Tensile strength of metal W-20
Example W-2:
Calculate the capacity of the connection shown below, considering
E70XX weld and (A-36) bare metal?
Solution:-
1) Check weld size :-
Minimum weld size = 1/8 in (Table J.2.4)
Maximum weld size = ¼ - 1/16 = 3/16 in
size is ok.
3
te 0.707w 0.707 x 0.133 in.
16
2) Capacity of weld :-
R nw 0.75 t e (0.6 FEXX )
0.75 x 0.133 x 0.6 x 70
4.2 kips/in. (controls) W-21
3) Capacity of base metal :-
R nw 0.75 t (0.6 Fu )
1
0.75 x x 0.6 x 58
4
6.5 kips/in.
4) Capacity of Connection:-
Rn ΦRnw x L
4.2 x 8
33.4 kips/in.
W-22
Example W-3:
Select a plate thickness and design a full penetration weld
(A 572 Grade 50 steel) SAW process?
DL = 12k
Pu 6"
Solution: LL = 60k
Solution:
M A 0 T y F1 d F2 d2 0
T y F2
F1
d 2
F3 = T – F1 – F 2 W-26
Example W-5
Design a balanced weld for angle
shown below, (A 572-Gr 50 steel)
and SMAW process specified
Solution:
1) Section capacity:
Tn = 0.90 Fy Ay = 0.9 x 50 x 3.61 = 162 kips
or Tn = 0.75 Fu Ae = 0.75 x 65 x 0.85 x 3.61 = 150 kips (controls).
F2 = Rnw Lw
= 5.57 x 6 = 33.4 kips
150 1.94 33.4 3
F1 31.8 kips.
6 6
F3 T F1 F2 150 33.4 31.8 84.8 kips.
31.8
L w1 5.7 inch.
5.57
84.8
L w3 15.2 inch. W-28
5.57
Eccentric shear welded connection are popular for column
brackets supporting gantry crane loadings or mezzanine floors. The
connection below produces (shear + torsion) on the weld. The
LRFD method for (shear + torsion) is both difficult and lengthy, A
more conservative “elastic vector analysis” method is allowed by
AISC:
W-29
The eccentric load is
Py
transferred to the “centroid” of the weld
P 1 inch
group. The transferred load shall
consist of a load P~ P~x P~y plus
M=P·e
fv
required w
0.707 (0.6 FEXX )
W-32
Example W-6
Determine the size of the weld required
for the bracket shown. A-36 steel is
used, SMAW process?
Solution:
2x8x4
x 2.286 inch
12 8 8
M P.e 60 x (10 5.714) 942.8 k in.
1 x(12)3
Ixx 8x(6)2 8x(6)2
12
144 288 288 720 in4
2 1x(8)3 2
Iyy (1x12)(2.286) 2 1 8 (1.714) 195.0 in4
12
J Ixx Iyy 720 195 915 in4 .
W-33
Example (W-6) - Continued
f 1x 0 (no horizontal forces).
60 60
f 1y 2.143 ksi
1x(8 8 12) 28
10.131
w req 0.455 inch
0.75 0.707 1 0.6 70