Strategies and Methods of Health

Education

Prof. Aida Mohey

Head of community Medicine department
aida_mohey@yahoo.com
 Learning Objectives

· To describe the three categories of health

education strategies: community organization,
training, and communication. (Steps 1, 2)
· To identify techniques in each of the three
categories of strategies. (Steps 1, 2)
· To identify ways to select and combine categories
of health education strategies and their techniques
to develop a health education plan. (Step 3)
 Introduction
Method of health education are the
technique or ways in which series of
activities are carried out to
communicate ideas, information and
develop necessary skills and attitude.
There are three main categories of health education strategies:
1) Community Organization,
2) Training, and
3) Communication.

Each of these categories include a number of specific methods which

may be selected and combined to accomplish a given objective.

During this short session, participants work in small groups to

examine each of the three categories of health strategies and practice
selecting and combining appropriate strategies and techniques to
accomplish sample objectives.
 Strategies and methods/channels used
in health education
I. Communication strategy
II.Training strategy
III.Organization strategy
Each strategy has its own methods or channels
Communication strategy
 Communication strategy is used to deal
with:

 Predisposing factors to build awareness, change beliefs and attitudes and clarify values.
 The three first phases in the process of changing behavior namely: unawareness (pre
contemplation), thoughtful thinking and intention to act (contemplation) and trials.
 Methods of health education

1. Individual method
2. Group method
3. Mass method
 Remember

1. Educational methods that influence predisposing factors will only have short term
effects.

2. Methods that influence reinforcing factors will have an intermediate effect. They are
more expensive than communication methods. They are applied when the change of
behavior has occurred.

3. Health education interventions that are designed to influence predisposing,

reinforcing and enabling factors will produce long-term behavioral change.

4. Strategies addressed to enabling factors are most expensive

5. Some methods have to be pretested before being used as posters, songs, films, puppet
show…. etc.
 Methods/channels
There are seven types of methods/channels used in communication strategy.

4. Visual electronic media

1. Print material
 Videos, films and internet… etc.
 Pamphlets, books and brochures……etc.
 Posters, calendars, wall-calendars, wall  
chart…etc. 5. Personal communication
 Flip charts, flash cards, comics, and  Personal consultations and instructions
photographs….etc.  Consultation
   Counseling
2. Folk media  Group discussion
 Theatre, plays, puppet shows, role plays,  Health talks
story–telling  
 Songs, dance and poems 6. Special events
 Messages printed on cloth
 Awareness days
 
3. Mass media  Competitions
 Newspapers and magazines  
 Radio and televisions announcement, 7. Mixture of methods
advertisements , dramas   Displays
Health education methods frequently used in Family health facilities
 1. Posters

A poster is a large sheet of paper (60 cm X 90cm) that portray a message using words and
pictures or familiar symbols. Posters can be used effectively to provide information or
advice. It reinforces messages delivered by other channels. Posters can be used to give
directions and instructions as well as to announce events
They are used with individuals, small groups and large ones. They should be placed
in place where the target audience can see them. Posters require pretesting to ensure
that the message is well understood by the target population.
 Rules in making posters

 Only one idea should be portrayed.

 All words should be in the local language.
 Words should be few and simple.
 Symbols should be understood by the target audience.
Color should be used to attract attention.
 2. Flip chart

A flip chart is formed of a number of charts joined

together at the top that are meant to be shown one after
another. Each chart present one message. The charts are
arranged in order. In this way several steps of a certain
task (e.g. preparing oral rehydration salt) or aspects of a
central topic (e.g. food groups) are presented. They are
also used to record information. They are best used with
.small groups
Personal Communication
 1. One to one consultation

One-to one consultation can be used when:

a) An individual has a special health problem which is sensitive that cannot be dealt with
in a group setting as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or child abuse.
b) A person has a problem that is not shared by the group or is not the focus of the
discussion or health.
c) A resistant person refuses to join group activity in relation to certain health behavior.
 2. Counseling

Counseling means choice and not force or advice.

Counseling is a process that involves helping people to make decisions, and giving them
confidence to put their decisions into practice. It is done to help individuals and families to
understand their problems and decide how to solve them.
Remember

Counselling is discussed in details in Step IV communication skills.
 3. Health Talk
A health talk is a talk with or without illustrations or
demonstrations. The participants listen and watch the
verbal presentation of information given by the educator.
The educator shares information and facts with audience.

Health talks are the most common way for sharing

knowledge and facts with groups or individuals. A health
talk is similar to a lecture but it is of short duration (20-30
minutes). It must be followed by a group discussion of at
least 15 minutes for responding to questions.
Talk alone is much like giving advice. To make a talk more
educational, it must be combined with other methods as
posters, slides, flip charts, data show etc. It should be tied
into local setting by the use of proverbs. The health
educator can also use discussions, demonstrations and
stories to make his talk more interesting use etc.
Remember

. Health talk is one- way method. It is speaker centered.
 How to plan a health talk?

I- Prerequisite
a- Know the group you will meet and find their needs and interests.
b- Select a single topic that is appropriate to the group.
c- Write your objectives.
d- Be sure that you have the correct and up-to-date information.
 II- Prepare your content

Most talks are divided into introduction, body, conclusion and discussion guide.

A- Start by writing the body

1-Use a simple statement related to the topic
(“I will explain why the topic is important”).

2- Cover the major points only.

3- Evaluate each point in terms of whether it
will contribute to the main purpose or not.
4- Exclude unnecessary points.
5- Organize your talk in sequence.
6- You can use different patterns.
 Examples of patterns that can be used in organizing health talks

1-The topical pattern: The information selected and arranged according to its importance.
Certain points are given a priority for example if you are discussing management of
dehydration focus on oral rehydration and breast feeding.
2- The time pattern: The organisation is based upon the chronological relationship between
the main points for example if you are giving a health talk on preparing ORS, you should
explain steps in the order in which they happen.
3-The comparison pattern: This pattern will permit the speaker to compare say between
breast feeding versus artificial feeding.
4-The classification pattern: This pattern is used when you classify events, causes or
people for example food groups.
5-The cause and effect pattern: Here you view causes and their effects as related to each
other for example Smoking, diet, stress and lack of exercise and CHD.
6-The solving pattern: In this pattern you analyse the problem, then discuss how it is
solved for example diarrhoea and how to prevent and treat it.
Remember
 B- Write down your introduction

B- Write down your introduction

Prepare the introduction carefully. It should attract attention. You can use a proverb, a story
or a recent event. In writing your introduction do not use ideas stated in the body.
C- Prepare the conclusion carefully.
It should remind the audience with the purpose of the talk and important points covered.
 
 
D- Develop the discussion guide.
It should be related to your objectives. It should cover questions related to important ideas
stated. Also be prepared to receive other questions.
 How to deliver successfully a health talk?
1. First know your audience.
2. Introduce the subject.
3. State your objectives clearly at the beginning of the health talk.
4. Focus on what the learners are expected to accomplish.
5. The health talk should have an introduction, body of content and conclusion.
6. Break the material into short sections.
7. At the end of each section ask the learners questions and give them immediate
feedback.
8. Repeat and restate frequently.
9. Go from:
- Simple to complex.
- Known to unknown.
- Concrete to abstract.
10. Use audio-visuals whenever needed.
11. Use examples and current information.
12. At the end of the talk invite questions and ask questions and give feedback.
 Tips for effective health talking
A. Opening the talk
o Avoid a cold start.
o Minimize nervousness.
o Grab audience attention.
o Establish rapport with your audience.
o Show the link between your talk and previous methods used.
 
 
B- During the talk
o Convey your enthusiasm for the material.
o Pronounce words clearly.
o Speak at a suitable volume not too loud or too soft.
o Speak at a suitable tempo neither too slowly nor too quickly.
o Make the pitch of your voice appropriate neither too high or too low.
o Use body language.
o Make eye contact with audience.
o Pause.
o Pace your presentation.
o Keep your sense of humour.
o Feel the atmosphere.
o Get feedback from the audience.

C. Closing the talk

o Draw some conclusions.
o Round out your presentation and tie up loose ends.
o Link to next health talks.
 
Utilities of health talk
1. Give knowledge and facts.
2. Allow for direct personal tailoring of messages to specific group.
3. Allow for immediate response to questions and answers.
4. Inexpensive.
 
Limitations of health talk
1. Its success depend entirely on the communication skill of the speaker and his accurate knowledge about the subject.

2. Audience must come to speaker.

3. It provides information only.
Remember

You have to prepare several health talks and deliver them in your practical classes. You will select topics related to reproductive
health, family planning and child care.
 
 Individual method
 The method where receiver of message is
single individual and health education
providers also single or in sometimes may be
more then one individual.

 This method involves person to person or face

to face communication which provides
maximum opportunity of two way flows of
ideas, knowledge and information.
 Individual method contd….
 There are two example of individual method
of health education
- Interview
- Counseling
 Interview
 Interview is to meet and talk each other and
collect information and ideas.

 Facial expression, gesture, body language, eye

contact, personal space and other non verbal
forms should equally important as verbal
responses.
 Interview Contd…
Types of interview
There are various type of interview they are:-
 Structured interview
 Unstructured interview
 Formal interview
 Informal interview
 In-depth interview
 Interview Contd…
Procedure of interview
1. Preparation for interview
 Decide the topic and objective of interview
 Collect sufficient information about the topic
 Decide the interviewee
 Develop questionnaire
 Decide place and time of interview
 Take consent by interviewee
 Organized arrangement for interview eg room
arrangement, tea or water if required, stationary
to note down
Procedure of interview contd….
2. Beginning of interview
 Establish rapport with interviewee
 State the purpose and importance of interview and
realize interviewee about the responsibility
 Ask question politely, listen carefully and
maintain eye contact
 Don’t comment during the interview
 Provide enough time for think and response
 Keep on the subject and keep control of the
interview
 Keep the interview like the healthy conversation
rather then making it question answer or quiz
session
 Avoid anything disturbing the interview
Procedure of interview contd….
3. Conclusion, suggestion and report
 Discuss with interviewee to reach the
conclusion regarding the problem
 Give suggestion according to need
 Close interview in a friendly manner by thanks
and greeting
 Make written report of the interview result
 Advantage and Disadvantage of
Advantage
interview
 It helps to knowindividual’s
attitude, knowledge, feelings and practice
subject in particular
 Exchange of ideas and feeling
 Helpful to reach better conclusions of
certain problems
 Easy to conduct with less cost and
limited facilities
 Even illiterate persons can be interviewed
and taught
Disadvantage of interview
 If proper rapport is not build and trust cannot
be achieved interview may refuse to answer
or may not give true answer
 It takes more time and will be difficult to cover
wide range of target population
 Counseling
 Counseling is the process of encouraging and
helping an individual in identifying problem,
exploring cause of problem and identify the
way of its solution

 The decision of action strategies is made on

Client's own choice with least of advice
from the counselor
 Procedure of Counseling
1. Rapport building
2. Identifying Client need or problems
3. The counselor should help the Client in
finding ways to solve the problem by
encouraging in discussion and develop
problem solving strategies based on the
situation
4. Maintaining patience
5. Keep secret
6. Return follow up counseling
GATHER in Family Planning Counseling
G – Greet the Client respectfully
A – Ask them about their family planning needs
T – Tell them about different
contraceptives
options and methods
H – Help them to make decisions about choices
of methods
E – Explain and demonstrate how to use
the method
R – Return visit and follow up
 Advantage and Disadvantage of
Counseling
Advantage
 It is helpful in dealing with individual Clint and
motivate to take necessary action to solve health
problems by himself
 It maintain two way communication
 It is not required to be literate for counseling
 Clint can understand the positive and negative
point of particular subject matter
 Help to solve the complicated and serious
problems
 Disadvantage
 It takes more time
 It is difficult to cover wide range of people
 There may be need of privacy to explore
problem