Past perfect Present perfect

Sentence a) focused in an action in the past that you haven't

do. Have you already heard about her. Before seeing her in a
film

Sentence b) focused on a completed action. You have heard

about she. What you know about malala in general
 Present perfect Present perfect continuous

a) Focuses on an action that has been

completed, the speaker has reported a
crime
b) The action of reporting have not been
completed, has very recently, been
reporting a crime
 Present perfect
Past perfect

Sentence a) talk about something that already

happen. The conviction took place earlier than
judge´s comment

Sentence b) an action that was completed. The

conviction was recent
 FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

a) Focuses on how many people will have helped by 2030. Focus on the achievement for
2030
b) Focuses on how many people will have been helping immigrants by 2030. Helping for
a twenty year period