Unit 2 L8 EEE Ecosystem PPT 2020

Prestige Institute of Engineering Management &
Research, Indore
Department of Applied Science and Humanities
Subject Name: Energy & Environmental Engineering

Subject Code: ES-301
Lecture No.: 08
Main Topic/ Unit: Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and
function of the following ecosystem (d)Aquatic ecosystem (Ponds, Lakes)
@ Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
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About the Lecture
 Objective Recommended Text Books:
1.De A.K., Environmental Chemistry,
 Understand the Aquatic Wiley Eastern Ltd.
ecosystem.
 Describe components/Structure
2. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H.
Gorhani, E & Hepworth, M.T. 2001,
of Aquatic ecosystem.
Environmental Encyclopedia, Jaico
 Explain Pond ecosystem. Publ. House, Mumbai.
 Explain Lake ecosystem.
3. Energy, Environment, Ecology
and Society, Smriti Srivastava, S.K.
Kataria & Sons.
4. Environmental Studies, Bhupendra

Gupta & Surinder Dewal, Dhanpat
 Prerequisite – Fundamentals of Rai &Sons.
Ecosystem.
UNIT 2:
Ecosystems:
Concept of an ecosystem; Structure and function of an
ecosystem; Producers, consumers and decomposers;
Energy flow in the ecosystem; Ecological succession;
Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids;
Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure
and function of the following ecosystem (a)Forest
ecosystem (b) Grassland ecosystem (c) Desert ecosystem
(d) Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers,
oceans, estuaries)
Lecture - Outline
S. No. Content
1 Aquatic Ecosystem and its types.

2 Structure of Aquatic Ecosystem.
3 Characteristics of Pond Ecosystem.
4 Characteristics of Lake Ecosystem.
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic Ecosystem:
•An ecosystem termed is a natural unit of living

and nonliving parts that interact to produce a stable
system. Furthermore, habitat is an important part of
such an ecosystem. Primarily ecosystem has two
domains such as terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic
ecosystem.
•Water certainly supports many lives. Moreover,
the organisms which survive in water are aquatic
organisms. Furthermore, they thus depend on water
for their food, shelter, reproduction and many other
life activities.
Aquatic Ecosystem:
• An Ecosystem which consists the water is the

main source of the habitat is known as the
Aquatic Ecosystem.
•Aquatic ecosystems are any water-based
environment in which plants and animals interact
with the chemical and physical features of the
aquatic environment.
•An aquatic ecosystem is essentially a group of
interacting organisms dependent on one another
and their water environment for nutrients (e.g.,
nitrogen and phosphorus) and shelter.
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic ecosystems are generally divided into two

types:
a. The Marine ecosystem and
b. The Freshwater ecosystem
Fresh Water Ecosystem: The Salt Contains the

Fresh Water Bodies is Very Low always than the
5ppt.
Marine Ecosystem: The Water Bodies Contains
the Salt Concentration Equal or Above the Sea
Level.
Brackish Water Ecosystem: These Water Bodies
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Marine Ecosystem: The largest water

ecosystem is the marine ecosystem, covering
over 70 percent of the earth's surface.
Oceans, estuaries, coral reefs and coastal
ecosystems are the various kinds of marine
ecosystems.
Fresh Water Ecosystem: Freshwater

ecosystems cover less than 1 percent of the
earth and are subdivided into lotic, lentic and
wetlands.
Aquatic Ecosystem:
Aquatic Organisms:
The Organisms in the Aquatic Organisms are unevenly
distributed but can be classified on the basis of their
life:
Neuston:
They are Unattached Organisms Which Live at the
air water interface Such as Floating Plants Etc. Some
of the Organisms Spend Most of the Lives at the top of
the Air Water Surface.
Plankton:
This Group includes all the Microscopic Plants
such as Algae and Animals Like Crustaceans and
Protozoans.
Aquatic Organisms:
Aquatic Organisms:
Periphyton:
These Organisms Which Remain Attached with the Steams
and Leaves of the Rooted Plants or Substances Emerging
Above the Bottom Mud.
Nekton:
These Group Contains Animals Which Are Swimmers.
They are Relatively Large and Powerful. The Animals
range in Size from the Swimming Insects to the Largest
Animals like Blue whale.
Benthos:
The Benthic Organisms are those Found Living in the
Bottom of the water Mass. Every Aquatic ecosystem
contains @well developed Benthos.
Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Aquatic Organisms:
Aquatic Zones:
Factors Affecting the Aquatic Habitats:
Sunlight:
Sunlight Penetration Rapidly Diminishes as it Passes down
the Coloum of Water. As Based on the Light Penetration
and Plant Distribution they are Classifies as Photic and
Aphotic Zones.
Photic Zones:
It’s the Layer of the Aquatic Ecosystem, up to Which Light
Penetrates and Within Photosynthesis Activity is Confined.
Both Photosynthesis and Respiration Activity.
Aphotic Zones:
The Lower Layers of the Aquatic Ecosystem Where Light
Penetration and Plant Growth Are Restricted forms the
Aphotic Zones.
@ Developed byOnly
Dr. BindiyaRespiration Activity
Sharma, Assistant Professor, took
ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR,Place.
Indore
Dissolved Oxygen:
In Aquatic Ecosystem Oxygen dissolved in Water,
where it Concentrates Varies Constantly Depending
On Factors that Influence the input and Output of
Oxygen in Water. Oxygen Enters the Aquatic
Ecosystem through air Water interface and by
Photosynthetic Activities of Aquatic Plants.
Transparency:
It Effects the Extent of the Light Penetration.
Suspended Particulate Matters Such as Clay, Slit,
Phytoplankton, Etc.
Temperature:
The Water Temperature Changes Less Rapidly than the
temperature of Air Because Water has Considerably
Higher Specific heat than air. Since Water Temperature
Are Less Subject to Change, the Aquatic Organisms
have Narrow Temperature Tolerance Limit.
Ageing of Lakes:
Lakes are Born as they Originate by Various Geological
and Geomorphic Events and grow with time to time in
Various Stages. Over Periods Ageing Occurs as the
Lakes Accumulate Mineral and Organic Matter and
Gradually Filled up.
Eutrophication :
•Eutrophia Means Adequate and Healthy Nutrition. It
is a Syndrome of ecosystem response to Addition of
Artificial or Natural Substances Such as Nitrates and
Phosphorus.
•Eutrophication is the Enrichment of an Aquatic
system by the Addition of Nutrients. Some Algae and
Blue Green bacteria thrive on the excess ions and a
population explosion covers almost entire surface layer
is known as algal bloom.
•Eutrophication eventually creates a deterius layer in
the ponds & lakes and produces successively
Decreased biodiversity:
Algal blooms restrict the sunlight to penetrate & effects
the photosynthesizing plants.
New species invasion:
Eutrophication may Cause the Ecosystem Competitive
by Transforming the Normal Limiting Nutrient to
abundant Level
Toxicity:
The Algal Blooms when Die or Eaten, Release Neuro &
Hepatotoxins Which can kill Aquatic Organisms & Pose
threat to Humans. Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen Level
and the Coral Reefs.
Aquatic Food Chain:
Aquatic Ecosystem (Ocean Ecosystems)
•The earth has five major oceans: Pacific Ocean, Indian

Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Southern
(Antarctic) Ocean. Although the oceans are connected,
each of them has unique species and features.
•According to Barbara A. Somerville (Earth’s Biomes:
Oceans, Seas, and Reefs), the Pacific is the largest and
deepest ocean and the Atlantic is second in size.
•Oceans are home to different species of life. The waters
of the Arctic and Southern Oceans are very cold, yet
filled with life. The largest population of krill (small,
shrimp-like marine creatures) lies under the ice of the
Southern Ocean.
Aquatic Ecosystem (Ocean Ecosystems)
Aquatic Ecosystem: Life in Estuaries
•Estuaries are places where rivers meet the sea and

may be defined as areas where salt water is diluted
with fresh water.
•River mouths, coastal bays, tidal marshes and
water bodies behind barrier beaches are some
examples of estuaries.
•They are biologically productive as they have a
special kind of water circulation that traps plant
nutrients and stimulates primary production.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Life in Estuaries
Aquatic Ecosystem: Coral Reefs
•Coral reefs are a special subtype of seafloor

ecosystem. Found only in warm tropical waters and
at relatively shallow depths, coral reefs are among
the most productive ecosystems on the planet.
•About one-quarter of marine species depend on

coral reefs for food, shelter or both.
•While coral reefs are famous for attracting brightly

colored exotic fish, a plethora of other species -
snails, sponges and seahorses, to name a few inhabit
coral reefs.
•The reefs themselves are produced by simple animals that

build external skeletons around themselves.
•According to Environmental Protection Agency, coral
reefs are the world's second richest ecosystems and have a
wide diversity of plants and animals. As a result, coral
reefs often are referred to as the rain forest of the oceans.
•Coral reefs are ocean ridges formed by marine
invertebrates living in warm shallow waters within the
photic zone of the ocean. They are found within 30˚ north
and south of the equator.
•The Great Barrier Reef is a well-known reef system
located several miles off the northeastern coast of
Australia.@ Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
•Other coral reef systems are fringing islands, which are

directly adjacent to land, or atolls, which are circular reef
systems surrounding a former landmass that is now
underwater.
•The coral organisms (members of phylum Cnidaria) are
colonies of saltwater polyps that secrete a calcium
carbonate skeleton. These calcium-rich skeletons slowly
accumulate, forming the underwater reef.
•Corals found in shallower waters (at a depth of
approximately 60 m or about 200 ft) have a mutualistic
relationship with photosynthetic unicellular algae. The
relationship provides corals with the majority of the
nutrition @and the
Developed energy
by Dr. they
Bindiya Sharma, require.
Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
•The waters in which these corals live are nutritionally

poor and, without this mutualism, it would not be possible
for large corals to grow.
• Some corals living in deeper and colder water do not
have a mutualistic relationship with algae; these corals
attain energy and nutrients using stinging cells on their
tentacles to capture prey.
•It is estimated that more than 4,000 fish species inhabit
coral reefs. These fishes can feed on coral,
the cryptofauna or the seaweed and algae that are
associated with the coral.
• In addition, some fish species inhabit the boundaries of a
coral reef; these
@ Developed species
by Dr. Bindiya include predators,
Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, herbivores,
Indore
Aquatic Ecosystem: Coastal Systems
•Land and water join to create the coastal

ecosystems. These ecosystems have a distinct
structure, diversity, and flow of energy.
•Plants and algae are found at the bottom of the
coastal ecosystem.
•The fauna is diverse and consists of insects,
snails, fish, crabs, shrimp, lobsters etc.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Coastal Systems
Aquatic Ecosystem: Lotic Ecosystems
•Lotic ecosystems are the systems with rapid

flowing waters that move in a unidirectional way
such as rivers and streams.
•These environments harbor numerous species of
insects such as mayflies, stoneflies and beetles
which have developed adapted features such as
weighted cases to survive the environment .
•Several species of fishes such as eel, trout and
minnow are found here. Various mammals such as
beavers, otters and river dolphins inhabit lotic
ecosystems.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Lotic Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystem: Lentic Ecosystems
•Lentic ecosystems include all standing water

habitats such as lakes and ponds.
•These ecosystems are home to algae, rooted

and floating-leaved plants and invertebrates
such as crabs and shrimps.
•Amphibians such as frogs and salamanders and

reptiles like alligators and water snakes are also
found here.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Lentic Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystem: Swamps and Wetlands
•Wetlands are marshy areas and are sometimes

covered in water which have a wide diversity of
plants and animals.
•Swamps, marshes, and bogs are some examples

in this regard. Plants such as black spruce and
water lilies are commonly found in wetlands.
•The fauna consists of dragonflies and

damselflies, birds such as Green Heron and
fishes such as Northern Pike.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Swamps and Wetlands
Aquatic Ecosystem: Mangrove Ecosystems
•Some tropical and subtropical coastal areas are

home to special types of saltwater swamps known
as mangroves.
•Mangroves may be considered part of shoreline
ecosystems or estuary ecosystems.
•Mangrove swamps are characterized by trees that
tolerate a saline environment, whose roots systems
extend above the water line to obtain oxygen,
presenting a mazelike web.
•Mangroves host a wide diversity of life, including
sponges, shrimp, crabs, jellyfish, fish, birds and
even crocodiles.
Aquatic Ecosystem: Mangrove Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems:
•lakes, wetlands, rivers and streams, have been critical to
the establishment of civilizations throughout human
history. From ancient times, civilizations have been
established based on their proximity to water.
•Water bodies are essential to humans not only for
drinking but also for transportation, agriculture, energy
production, industry and waste disposal.
•Contaminated runoff from expanding urban and
agricultural areas, airborne pollutants and hydrologic
modifications such as drainage of wetlands are just few of
the many factors that continue to degrade surface waters.
Freshwater Ecosystems:
Determining which of these factors has the most
significant influence on the quality of a water body
requires knowledge about the interaction of the water
body with its watershed and how the various inputs
affect its physical, chemical and biological
characteristics.
Limnology is the study of fresh or saline water
covering all aquatic ecosystems, including lakes,
ponds, reservoirs, streams, rivers,
.
and oceans.
It is a multidisciplinary science that integrates biology,
chemistry, physics and geology in order to study inland
waters as complex ecological systems.
Types of Freshwater Habitats:
Lentic and Lotic ecosystems:
Inland water bodies can be classified as either
lotic (running-water) or lentic (standing-water).
Lotic habitats include rivers, streams, and brooks,
and lentic habitats include lakes, ponds, and
marshes.
The major difference between them is the
persistent flow of water in a lotic ecosystem.
Large deep basins usually characterize lentic
ecosystems with little or no flow existing within
the basin.
Lentic and Lotic ecosystems:
Characteristic of lentic ecosystems is the
development of vertical differences (vertical
stratification) of several important features,
which often display marked seasonal variation
as well.
Some large rivers with only a slight gradient
have low rates of discharge and flow and
extensive floodplains with many
interconnected bodies of lentic waters.
Zones in Aquatic Ecosystem:
Zones in Aquatic Ecosystem:
Lentic communities:
Lentic communities:
This includes all non-flowing (still waters) such as ponds,
swamps, bogs, lagoons, lakes and so on. It also includes
wetlands (areas of land that get covered with water
periodically).
Lentic systems usually do not have a source, as they form
in places where the groundwater reaches the earth's
surface. Sometimes, water will stay on the earth's surface
due to the saturation of the underlying land.
Some lakes and ponds are created by humans for
commercial and recreational use.
Animals and plants in a lentic system behave and adapt
differently because there are various zones of every lentic
system with different
@ Developed by Dr. Bindiyaabiotic conditions.
Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Lentic communities:
Ponds and Lakes:
Ponds and Lakes:
Ponds and Lakes:
Lakes and ponds can range in area from a few square

meters to thousands of square kilometers. Ponds and
lakes are relatively still bodies of water with little or no
current, generally isolated from other bodies of water
such as rivers and oceans. They are divided into three
distinct zones: littoral, limnetic and profundal.
The littoral zone constitutes that which is closest to the
shore. With high exposure to sunlight and shallow
waters, this is usually the most biologically diverse area
in a given lake or pond, housing several species of
amphibians, aquatic birds, crustaceans, insects, fish and
algae as well as both floating and rooted plants.
Lake Ecosystem:
Lake is a body of water occupied in a basin and

lacking continuity with the sea.
It has a considerable area and deep enough to
stratify.
Pond is a small shallow body of water either
formed through depression or man-made.
Lake Ecology – is the study of the lake’s biotic
and abiotic interaction/relationship.
Types of Lake:
District Buldhana
Lonar Crater Lake
Chorabari lake
Formation of lakes:
Lakes are formed as a result of different natural and
artificial processes, which are often interlinked
resulting in lakes of similar origin, physical and
biological characteristics.
Lakes formed by glaciers:

The gouging and scraping actions of glaciers have led
to the formation of lakes in the north temperate zones.
Glaciers followed existing. valleys, deepening and
widening them. When the mass of ice melted, it left
piles of moraine, which blocked valleys, damming
streams and rivers.
Chiles Glacier Lake
Formation of lakes:
Ice-scour lakes:
Where ice sheets move over relatively flat surfaces of hard
jointed or fractured rock, hollow basins are formed and
subsequently filled with water.
Lakes formed by movements of the earth’s crust:

When a portion of the earth’s surface subsides in relation
to its surroundings or conversely the sides are uplifted, a
lake basin may be formed. The area and depth of water
will depend on the drainage . from the surrounding land,
which depends on the amount of rainfall and the size of the
area from where water drains into the lake.
Formation of lakes:
Lakes formed by volcanoes:
Many lakes are formed due to volcanic eruptions
called as crater lakes. These lakes are fed only by
rainfall and run-off. They are found where a series of
minor eruptions have taken place fairly close to each
other, rather than one massive eruption.
In some cases, where the volcano was big and erupted
long ago, the floor of the enormous crater is relatively
flat and water accumulates .
in the lowest places.
Volcanic activity also forms lakes when the ash or lava
from an eruption blocks natural drainage.
Formation of lakes:
Formation of lakes:
Lakes formed by rivers:
When the flow of water is suddenly slowed by a
decrease in gradient, it takes a longer route and flows
at a slower rate. Sediments are eroded from the outside
and deposited on the inside so that the channel
becomes more twisted.
Sometimes the river breaks through a narrow isthmus
between two succeeding curves.
This may leave a loop of .the river to one-side of the
new watercourse.
The isolated portion may retain enough water to form
an “oxbow lake”.
Lake Made In Sonam river At Uttarkashi
Zones in Lake Ecosystem:
The lake is divided into different “zones”
determined by depth and distance from the
shoreline:
•littoral zone
•limnetic zone
•profundal zone
•Photic zone
•Benthic zone
Littoral Zone:
This zone forms the banks or boundary of the water. There
is usually warmer and shallow water, with lots of plants
such as reeds and cattails.
Many of the plants are rooted in the muddy floor and their
leaves form a good hideout for insects and fish. There is a
lot of fish, frogs, reptiles, and insects in this zone.
The main groups of benthic invertebrates are also found in
the littoral zone, but are often represented by different
species.
The inshore area is a more complex habitat, mainly due to
the presence of macrophytes and supports many animal
species. @ Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Littoral Zone:
The only substrate for animals in this zone is rocks and the
only food is algae either present in the water or attached to
the rocks, and the detritus that is lodged among the stones.
The advantage in this zone is that oxygen is never likely to
be limited as water is constantly moving, dissolving more
oxygen from the air.
Snails with a heavy shell and strong muscular foot are
common, particularly if calcium content is high. Sponges
encrust the rocks and leeches are common. Worms and
freshwater shrimps are among the organisms that escape
the waves by hiding. The common worms, larvae of caddis
flies and@chironomids, either
Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistantattach
Professor, ASHthemselves under the
(Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Littoral Zone:
In sheltered places where sediments can accumulate, plants
grow and make a tremendous difference to the number and
type of animals found in this marginal area.
Large plants in a lake are referred to as macrophytes,
distinct from the other major plants, algae, most of which
are microscopic.
Most macrophytes need to be rooted in the bottom silt and
therefore grow in relatively shallow water. Those at the
lake edge normally grow tall and stick out of the water,
referred to as emergent macrophytes.
Littoral Zone:
On gentle slopes, the most obvious macrophytes are tall
aquatic grasses, notably reeds (Phragmites). The flat
floating leaves of plants such as water lilies (Nymphaea)
and pond weeds (Potamogeton) are rooted but have long
stems. Further out in the lake are wholly submerged plants,
some of which are rooted to the bottom, such as water
milfol (Myriophyllum) and hornwort (Ceratophyllum) that
float freely in the water.
Among the plants that float on the surface in sheltered
places, the smallest are duckweeds (Lemna), and the
largest include water hyacinth (Eichhornia) and floating
fern (Salvinia).
Littoral Zone:
The gradation of plants from land into water represents a
transition from one environment to another and is known
as zone of succession (hydrosere). As the emergent
macrophytes die each year, their remains accumulate and
trap debris and silt.
Emergent macrophytes are similar to terrestrial plants
except that they are always rooted in deoxygenated mud
rather than well-aerated soil. Like other parts of the plant,
the root cells need oxygen and if this is not obtainable
from their immediate surroundings, it must be transferred
down the stem from those parts of the plant, which are out
in the air.@ Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Littoral Zone:
For this purpose, roots, leaves and stems of
macrophytes contain large air-filled spaces along which
oxygen can travel to relieve the shortage (of oxygen) in
the roots.
Wholly submerged plants cannot obtain oxygen from
the air and must extract all they need from water.
They have very thin leaves and much of the oxygen
released during photosynthesis goes to alleviate the
shortage in the roots.
Littoral Zone:
Animals in the littoral zone mostly live on the surface of
leaves or stems or burrow among the plant roots. The
littoral zone contains a complex mixture of plants, animals
and microorganisms. Diatoms and blue-green algae are
common components and the latter secretes a gelatinous
layer, which attracts and holds other organisms. Pond
snails are a conspicuous group of littoral zone animals
along with many species of crustacea (shrimps and crabs)
living among the plants. Littoral zone provides habitat for
insects like dragonflies (Odonata), mayflies
(Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), caddis flies
(Trichoptera) and
@ Developed midges
by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, (Diptera).
Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Limnetic zone: This is the zone after the Littoral zone,
extending a few meters into the water body. Fish swim
freely here, with some plants floating on the water. There
is enough sunlight here, and algae and plankton usually
thrive here.
•well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by
plankton, both phytoplankton and zooplankton.
• plankton are small organisms that play a crucial role in
the food chain – most life would not be possible without
them.
• variety of freshwater fish also occupy this zone.
• it is where the trophogenic zone occurs.
• Trophogenic-
@ Developed bysynthesis
Dr. Bindiya Sharma,of organic
Assistant carbon
Professor, ASH occurs.
(Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Profundal zone:
This zone extends beyond the Limnetic zone and is
a deeper region of the water.
Here, there is usually very little or no sunlight. It is
usually cooler.
Living things in this region depend on drifting
organic matter for food. cold and dense region of
the lake.
It is also called as the aphotic zone where light is
reduced.
•current minimum
•temperature nearly uniform
•oxygen scanty, depleted
•methane and carbon dioxide abundant
•hydrogen concentration is high because of the
presence of carbonic acid.
•decomposing, decaying matter
•found in the hypolimnion
•sediments are fine particles
•benthic organisms dominate.
Photic zone:
•lighted zone of the lake.
•Primary production in the photic zone is influenced by
three major factors ◦ Nutrients ◦ Light- For
photosynthesis ◦ Grazing pressure -the rate at which the
plants are eaten by herbivores.
•Nutrients especially phosphate and nitrate, are often
scarce in the photic zone because they are used up
quickly by plants during photosynthesis.
•External inputs of nutrients are received through: ◦
Rainfall ◦ River flow ◦ Weathering of rocks and soil ◦
Human activities- sewage dumping
Lake Zonation:
Benthic zone:
This is the deepest region of the water body and farthest
from the banks. There is no sunlight in this region and
therefore very little or no photosynthesis occur here.
Organisms that live here include worms, bacteria,
decomposers, and other scavengers. bottom area of the
lake. Many groups and varieties of animals live here, a few
are worms, crustaceans, and protozoa. The life in this zone
is mostly made up of bottom dwellers which get most of
their food from dead and decaying organisms. Most of the
organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers because they
depend on dead flesh as their main food source. Organisms
here tend @toDeveloped
tolerate cooler
by Dr. Bindiya temperatures
Sharma, Assistant well.PIEMR, Indore
Professor, ASH (Chemistry),
Benthic zone in Pond:
The term benthic applies to flora and fauna living at the
bottom and those species that live by burrowing in it.
Benthic organisms can live in the substrate (in mud and
sand), move on the substrate surface, grow attached to the
surface or move freely in the bottom.
Benthic primary producers include cyanobacteria, all
higher taxa of eukaryotic algae and flowering plants. Algae
attached to a substrate are called as benthic, to distinguish
them from phytoplankton, which live floating in water.
Benthic zone in Pond:
•In some shallow lakes, benthic algae may be an important
source of food but most benthic animals beyond the littoral
zone derive their food from detritus raining down from the
open water. Benthic animals have to tolerate long periods
in summer, when not only the sediment but also the water
lying on top is deoxygenated.
•Unlike pelagic fish, benthic fish cannot find their prey by
sight, and many feel and taste for it with barbells
(whiskers) around their mouth.
•Carps are typical benthic fish, which feed on whatever is
available (molluscs, crustaceans, insects and plants),
consuming more at higher temperatures.
Lake Stratification:
EPILIMNION, METALIMNION AND

HYPOLIMNION.
Lake Stratification:
•Epilimnion- an upper layer of circulating warm
water, usually no more than 6 m (20 ft) deep,
where dissolved oxygen concentrations are
moderate to high.
• Metalimnion or thermocline- a layer of rapid

temperature and oxygen decrease with depth, often
quite thin, separating the upper and lower layers.
• Hypolimnion – a cold, deep-water, non-

circulating layer in which oxygen is low or absent.
LAKE ECOLOGY:
The epilimnion is the warm upper layer, which is well

mixed. Below the epilimnion is the metalimnion or
thermocline region, a layer of water in which the
temperature declines rapidly with depth.
The hypolimnion is the bottom layer of cold water.
Change in density at the metalimnion acts as a physical
barrier preventing the mixing of epilimnion and
hypolimnion.
Thermocline is used synonymously with metalimnion,
but is actually the plane or surface of maximum rate of
decrease of temperature with respect to depth. Thus,
thermocline is the point of maximum temperature
change within the
@ Developed by metalimnion.
Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
LAKE ECOLOGY:
Epilimnion:
•The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake.

•It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and
dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion.
•It typically mixed as a result of surface wind-mixing.
•Free to exchange dissolved gases (ie O2 and CO2)
with the atmosphere.
•It contains the most phytoplankton
LAKE ECOLOGY:
Metamilion:
Temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it

does in the layers above or below.
Thermoclines may be a semi-permanent feature of the
body of water in which they occur, or they may form
temporarily in response to phenomena such as the
radiative heating/cooling of surface water during the
day/night.
Factors that affect the depth and thickness of a
thermocline include seasonal weather variations,
latitude, and local environmental conditions, such as
tides and@ Developed
currents.by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
LAKE ECOLOGY:
Hypomilion:
Typically the hypolimnion is the coldest layer of a lake in

summer, and the warmest layer during winter.
Being at depth, it is isolated from surface wind-mixing
during summer, and usually receives insufficient
irradiance (light) for photosynthesis to occur.
In deep, temperate lakes, the bottom-most waters of the
hypolimnion are typically close to 4°C throughout the
year.
The hypolimnion may be much warmer in lakes at
warmer latitudes.
LAKE ECOLOGY:
EPILIMNION, METALIMNION AND

HYPOLIMNION.
Circulation patterns in LAKE :
•Amictic: never mix as they are permanently frozen.
•Meromictic: mix only partially, the deeper layers never mix
either because of high water density caused by dissolved
substances or because the lake is protected from wind effects.
•Holomictic: mix completely.
•Oligomictic: do not mix every year as they are large and have
higher heat storing capacity, the mixing depending on specific
climatic conditions.
•Monomictic: mix only once each year, either in winter or
summer.
•Dimictic: mix twice a year and are the most common lakes in
temperate latitudes.
•Polymictic: mixing frequently, they are shallow tropical lakes
Developedexposure.
with great @wind by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
LAKE ECOLOGY:
Annual Life cycle of Lake:
LAKE ECOLOGY:
Annual Life cycle of Lake:
Classification of Lakes:
On the basis of its tropic status Trophy = nutrient
(phosphorus and nitrogen)
1.Oligotrophic. 2.Mesotrophic. 3.Eutrophic.
1. Oligotrophic lakes:
•low nutrients (P&N), Clear water, Often steep sided and
deep, Usually replenished by snow, glacier melt.
Examples: Lake Tahoe, Crater Lake.
2. Mesotrophic lakes: Meso = middle or mid, Great
fishing lakes, Stratification.
3. Eutrophic lakes: High nutrient levels, Murky, green
water, Usually shallow, Usually replenished by
rivers/streams.
Types of Lake:
LAKE FACTORS :
Lakes are extremely variable in their physical,

chemical and biological characteristics:
•Physical (level of light, temperature and water

currents)
•Chemical ( nutrients, major ions and

contaminants)
•
•Biological( biomass, population numbers and
growth)
LAKE FACTORS :
Light plays an important role in lake ecology and

determines the potential rate of photosynthesis, which
supplies dissolved oxygen and food in the water.
Autochthonous- energy stored in photosynthetically
formed organic matter is both synthesised within the lake
or stream. Allochthonous - energy stored in
photosynthetically formed organic matter within drainage
basin and brought to the lake or stream in various forms.
Light intensity at the lake surface varies seasonally and
with cloud cover and decreases with depth down the water
column. The deeper into the water column that light can
penetrate, the deeper photosynthesis can occur.
LAKE FACTORS :
Photosynthetic organisms include algae suspended

in the water (phytoplankton), algae attached to
surfaces (periphyton), and vascular aquatic plants
(macrophytes).
•Solar radiation – fundamentally important

•Plankton production – photosynthesis (day)
•Respiration (night)
•Metabolism of the lake – controls the ecosystem
•Ozone and oxygen – absorb ultraviolet rays
•Vapor, Ozone and carbon dioxide – absorb
LAKE FACTORS :
Factors Influencing Light Penetration:

◦ Latitude ◦ Season ◦ Angle of contact of light rays at
water surface ◦ Time of the day ◦ Degree of cloudiness
or clearness of the sky, presence of fog, smoke, dust or
other atmospheric conditions. ◦ Dissolved ions –
diminish light absorption.
Traces of ammonia, proteins and nitrates in solution
still reduce transparency of water to Ultraviolet light ◦
Suspended materials – composed of organic or
inorganic materials.
They screen out the light (ex. Phytoplankton, clay
particles and abiotic materials) ◦ Presence of ice or
Chemical Viability in Lakes:
Dissolved Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH,

Nitrogen ,Phosphorous.
The chemical composition of a lake is a function
◦ Climate ◦ Hydrology ◦ Basin geology.
Anions Percent /Cations Percent:
1. Bicarbonate (HCO3) 73%
2. Calcium (Ca 2+) 63%
3. Sulfate (SO4) 16%
4. Magnessium (Mg2+) 17%
5. Chloride (Cl) 10%
6. Sodium (Na+) 15%
7. Potassium (K+) 4%
8. Other@<1% Other
Developed by Dr. Bindiya< 1%Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Sharma,
Biological components of Lakes:
Plankton (Phytoplankton, zooplankton and

bacterioplankton) includes both the micro and
macro components that are at the mercy of the
water current.
Plants- primary producers which include:
◦ Emergent plants are rooted in the lake bottom,
but their leaves and stems extend out of the
water
◦ Submergent plants have most of their structures
below water. Common examples are coontail
and pond weeds.
Floating plants- non-anchored plants that float

freely in the water or on the surface. Ex. Water
hyacinth (water lily), duckweeds.
• Nekton – organisms that have the ability to swim
against the current. Ex. Fish, reptiles
•Benthos- organisms living on the lake bottom ◦

Epifauna- organisms living on the surface of the
lake bottom ◦ Infauna- organisms living inside the
lake substrate
Food Chain in Lake:
Trophic Levels, Food webs, and Food chains:
Trophic Levels, Food webs, and Food chains:
Food chains
a. producers, primary consumers, secondary
consumers, decomposers
b. simple linear viewpoint
Food webs
a. allow for more complexity such as feeding at
different trophic level
b. more difficult to work with.
Food Chain in Lake:
Those That Go Where They Choose:

Fish, Amphibians, Turtles, Larger Zooplankton, Insects.
Those That Go Where The Water Takes Them Living
Things = Plankton animals - zooplankton algae -
phytoplankton bacteria – bacterioplankton.
Dead Material = Detritus internal - produced within lake
external - washed in from watershed.
Those That Live On The Lake Bottom Benthos =
Animals aquatic insects molluscs - clams, snails other
invertebrates - worms, crayfish. Plants higher plants -
macrophytes attached algae – periphyton. Bacteria &
Fungi - mixture of algae, fungi and bacteria.
Food Web in Lake:
The biological communities within lakes may be organized
conceptually into food chains and food webs.
The broad base of primary producers supports overlying levels
of herbivores (zooplankton), planktivores and much smaller
numbers of carnivores (predators).
These individual trophic levels may be idealized as a food
chain, but in fact many organisms are omnivorous and not
necessarily characterized by a particular level.
Consumers often shift levels throughout their life cycle. For
example, a larval fish may initially eat fine particulate material
that includes algae, bacteria and detritus. Then it may switch
and graze on larger zooplankton and ultimately end up feeding
on so called "forage fish" or even young game fish (i.e., top
predators)@when itDr.reaches
Developed by maturity.
Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Food Web in Lake:
Lake Ecosystem:
LAKE BENEFITS, DISTURBANCE AND RESTORATION
•The fact that lakes occupy such a small fraction of the

landscape belies their importance as environmental
systems and resources for human use.
•They have intrinsic ecological and environmental values.
•Besides, human use, they are used for many commercial
purposes including fishing, transportation, irrigation and
industrial water supply, and function as receiving waters
for wastewater effluents.
•They moderate temperatures and affect the climate of the
surrounding area.
•By storing water they help regulate stream flow, recharge
ground water aquifers and moderate droughts.
LAKE BENEFITS, DISTURBANCE AND RESTORATION
•They provide habitat to aquatic and semi aquatic plants

and animals, which in turn provide food to many terrestrial
animals, adding to the diversity of the landscape.
•The myriad ways in which humans use lakes, along with
numerous pollutants generating activities, have stressed
lake ecosystems in diverse ways, frequently causing
impairment of lake quality for other uses.
•Stresses to lakes arise from easily identifiable point
sources such as municipal and industrial wastewater, non-
point degradation like urban and agricultural run-off
within a lake's watershed, and the most insidious long-
range atmospheric transport of contaminants.
Top 10 lakes of India:
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond /pɑːnd/ is an area of water surrounded by

land, either natural or artificial,
usually smaller than a lake.
A pond is usually human-constructed for habitat
restoration, decoration, commercial breeding (of
fish, shrimp, etc.), or architectural features, etc.
Ponds, according to limnology (the study of water
bodies) are shallow enough where plants could
conceivably grow across the entire surface. This
area, where plants could grow is known as the
“photic zone,” meaning where the sun’s rays can
Pond Ecosystem:
•As a result, there are some very small bodies of water,

less than an acre that are deep enough to be called
lakes. Conversely, there are some very large, but
shallow water bodies, particularly in the south that are
technically ponds, (though they’re called lakes)
because their “photic zone” expands the entire length
and width.
•A lake is a natural body taking a basin form filled
with water and is surrounded by land. Lakes vary in
shapes and sizes.
•Lakes are larger and deeper than ponds, and they are
distinct from lagoons and are not part of an ocean.
Pond Ecosystem:
Sometimes ponds arise from floods along a river

course, or they may be formed in an isolated
depression.
They are generally smaller compared to lakes and most
ponds are constructed for many purposes like irrigation
and fish farming. However, not all ponds are shallow.
An example of a larger pond is Island Pond in Derry
which covers 500-acre and has a depth of 80 feet
below the surface.
Island Pond is far much bigger compared to Echo Lake
in Conway which covers 14 acres and 11 feet deep
below the surface.
Pond Ecosystem:
•Ponds are artificial or natural body of water. Well

ecosystem is technical term for community of
organisms.
•Pond Ecosystem refers to fresh water ecosystem
on which different organisms depend for their
survival and to fulfill their nutritional needs as
well.
•The ponds are the water bodies which are
usually of 12-15 feet deep in which the sun rays
can reach which results into growing of plants
down there.
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
Types Of Pond Ecosystem:

•Pond Ecosystem falls in fresh water ecosystem which is
further divided into three parts which are littoral zone,
open water zone and deep water zone.
•The littoral zone is a zone which is an area near the
shore where sunlight follows it and allows the plants to
grow.
•Open water zone which actually is well known as
pelagic zone. It is that zone where water is not close to
the bottom nor near the shore.
•The last is the deep water zone which is the lowest level
lying above the sea and below the thermocline.
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
Types Of Pond Ecosystem:

•This three types can be understood deeply. Some
differentiate Pond Ecosystem in other way.
•It is classified in five types which are salt ponds, garden
ponds, freshwater ponds, vernal ponds and underground
ponds.
•Salt ponds are one which are near the sea side and consist
brackish water. Garden ponds are those which are artificial
in nature.
•Freshwater pool can form anywhere because of rains.
Vernal ponds are those which are created because of
depression in the ground and are seasonal. Lastly
underground ponds
@ Developed which
by Dr. Bindiya are created
Sharma, Assistant near the
Professor, ASH (Chemistry), rocks.
PIEMR, Indore
Pond Ecosystem:
Types of pond ecosystem:

•Ponds can come in many different forms, and they all
have their own differentiating characteristics. Below, you
will find a discussion of some of the key types of pond
ecosystem.
1. Salt ponds:
Salt ponds contain brackish (i.e. salty) water and can occur
close to the sea side where waterlogged ground creates
natural pools. Salt ponds can also occur in rocky areas on
the beach, though here they are called rock pools.
It is also possible to find salt ponds inland, thanks to the
presence of brackish streams created through streams
flowing through salty
@ Developed by Dr. rocks.
Pond Ecosystem:
2. Garden ponds:
These artificially created ponds can contain ornamental
plant and animal species that come from all over the world
(i.e. non native species).
3. Freshwater pools:
Freshwater pools can form anywhere inland, either from
rainfall or from the presence of water saturating the soil.
They can also be created by rivers flowing in to a
depression in the ground. They can be home to fish, birds,
amphibians, crustaceans and many other kinds of wildlife.
Pond Ecosystem:
4. Vernal pools:
Vernal pools are seasonal ponds. They form in depressions
in the ground, but only during certain types of the year
when the rainfall is heaviest.
As a result, they will attract certain types of animals and
birds that are in need of a drink whenever they appear and
at other times of the year will be relatively deserted – one
example for instance is a seasonal oasis in the desert.
5. Underground ponds:
Ponds can also form underground, in the rocky
environment of caves. Here, a surprising amount of life
can be found, including fish, different bacteria, lichens and
so on. @ Developed by Dr. Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor, ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Pond Ecosystem:
•Characteristics Of Pond Ecosystem:

Pond Ecosystem are the balance of fish, bacterias and
plants which together support each other. Pond Ecosystem
works on ponds which are shallow enough for the sunlight
to pass through it. It is a living ecosystem itself. Ponds do
not have universally accepted standard of it’s maximum
size. Ponds are wet and are surrounded by artificial and
natural banks. The ponds provide inhabitation to wetland
plant and animals. Pond works with a combination of three
foodwebs at a time. There exist a type of pond where no
trace of fishes is to be seen. This type of ponds are known
as vernal ponds. These type of ponds inhabitat rare and
endangered plant
@ Developed by Dr.species.
Pond Ecosystem:
•There are several things that mark pond ecosystems.

Below, you will find a list of some of the main features of
these ecosystems.
1. Still waters: pond ecosystems are lentic ecosystems –
i.e. they involve stagnant or standing water.
2. Surrounded by banks: by definition, pond ecosystems
are surrounded by either artificial or natural banks.
3. Different levels: distinct communities of creatures will
live at different levels of a pond. Crustaceans and deep
water fish may live at the lower level, for example, whilst
birds and blooming plants may live towards the surface.
4. Variable in size: some pond ecosystems can be very
small (such as byaDr.rockpool)
@ Developed whilst
Bindiya Sharma, Assistant Professor,others can
ASH (Chemistry), beIndore
PIEMR, almost as
Pond Ecosystem:
•Importance Of Pond Ecosystem:

They provide inhabitation to scarce species and support
biodiversity much more then any other freshwater habitat.
It is a home to lot many species.
Ponds work as mini reservoir which help to drain fields
during rain. Ponds recycle the nutrients and reduce the
amount of nitrates and phosphates.
Ponds are usually man made and are dug for different
utilities of mankind. They provide drinking water during
dry weather and vegetation to animals. They are not just
important for quenching thirst or providing inhabitation
but also to add beauty to the mother nature.
Pond Ecosystem:
•Importance of pond ecosystems:

Pond ecosystems are very important, and for this reason it
is vital that we take steps to protect and nurture them.
Below, you will find some significant reasons why this is
the case.
1. Biodiversity.
Pond ecosystems are very important habitats for so many
different types of fish, birds, plants and crustaceans as well
as insects such as dragonflies, damsel flies and pond
skaters.
2. Ubiquity.
Pond ecosystems can be found on every continent on the
planet. That makes
@ Developed them
by Dr. Bindiya veryProfessor,
Sharma, Assistant important
ASH (Chemistry), for the life of
PIEMR, Indore
Pond Ecosystem:
3. Abundance.
Pond ecosystems are very abundant. Not only can they be
found almost everywhere, they can be found plentifully.
That, again, makes them a key habitat for many different
species.
4. Source of hydration.
Even if they do not actually live in the pond ecosystem,
many species of animals and human beings will come to
pond ecosystems whenever they need a drink.
5. Beauty.
Pond ecosystems are very beautiful as well. As we watch
the sunlight reflecting off the surface of a pond we can feel
inspired, @calm
Developedand in touch
by Dr. Bindiya withProfessor,
Sharma, Assistant nature.ASH (Chemistry), PIEMR, Indore
Components of Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
(i) Producers:
The main producers in pond or lake ecosystem are algae
and other aquatic plants, such as Azolla, Hydrilla,
Potamogeton, Pistia, Wolffia, Lemna, Eichhornia,
Nymphaea, Jussiaea, etc. These are either floating or
suspended or rooted at the bottom. The green plants
convert the radiant energy into chemical energy through
photosynthesis.
The chemical energy stored in the form of food is
utilized by all the organisms.
Oxygen evolved by producers in photosynthesis is
utilized by all the living organisms in respiration.
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
(ii) Consumers:
In a pond ecosystem, the primary consumers are
tadpole larvae of frogs, fishes and other aquatic
animals which consume green plants and algae as their
food.
These herbivorous aquatic animals are the food of
secondary consumers. Frogs, big fishes, water snakes,
crabs are secondary consumers.
In the pond, besides the secondary consumers, there
are consumers of highest order, such as water-birds,
turtles, etc.
Pond Ecosystem:
(iii) Decomposers and Transformers:

When aquatic plants and animals die, a large
number of bacteria and fungi attack their dead
bodies and convert the complex organic substances
into simpler inorganic compounds and elements.
These micro-organisms are called decomposers
chemical elements liberated by decomposers are
again utilized by green plants in their nutrition.
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
Pond Ecosystem:
Class Work
Discussion:
•What are the types of Aquatic Ecosystem.

• Name the biotic and abiotic factors in an Pond
ecosystem.
• What is the difference between Pond and Lake.
•Name the importance ponds and lakes.
•List few important lakes in India.
•Name the zones in the Lakes.
Homework:
Q1. Explain the types of Aquatic ecosystem.

Q2. Write the zones of Ponds and Lakes.
Q3. Explain Tropic status of Lake.
Q4. Describe Biotic and Abiotic components of
Ponds.
Q5. Explain the types of Lakes and Ponds.
@ Developed by Prof. Piyush Choudhary, Professor & Head, Department of CSE, PIEMR, Indore

Unit 2 L8 EEE Ecosystem PPT 2020

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Unit 2 L8 EEE Ecosystem PPT 2020

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Prestige Institute of Engineering Management &

Department of Applied Science and Humanities

Subject Name: Energy & Environmental Engineering

Guidelines for Attendees:

4. Environmental Studies, Bhupendra

1 Aquatic Ecosystem and its types.

4 Characteristics of Lake Ecosystem.

•An ecosystem termed is a natural unit of living

• An Ecosystem which consists the water is the

Aquatic ecosystems are generally divided into two

Fresh Water Ecosystem: The Salt Contains the

Marine Ecosystem: The largest water

Fresh Water Ecosystem: Freshwater

•The earth has five major oceans: Pacific Ocean, Indian

•Estuaries are places where rivers meet the sea and

•Coral reefs are a special subtype of seafloor

•About one-quarter of marine species depend on

•While coral reefs are famous for attracting brightly

•The reefs themselves are produced by simple animals that

•Other coral reef systems are fringing islands, which are

•The waters in which these corals live are nutritionally

•Land and water join to create the coastal

•Lotic ecosystems are the systems with rapid

•Lentic ecosystems include all standing water

•These ecosystems are home to algae, rooted

•Amphibians such as frogs and salamanders and

•Wetlands are marshy areas and are sometimes

•Swamps, marshes, and bogs are some examples

•The fauna consists of dragonflies and

•Some tropical and subtropical coastal areas are

Lakes and ponds can range in area from a few square

Lake is a body of water occupied in a basin and

Lakes formed by glaciers:

Lakes formed by movements of the earth’s crust:

EPILIMNION, METALIMNION AND

• Metalimnion or thermocline- a layer of rapid

• Hypolimnion – a cold, deep-water, non-

The epilimnion is the warm upper layer, which is well

•The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake.

Temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it

Typically the hypolimnion is the coldest layer of a lake in

EPILIMNION, METALIMNION AND

Annual Life cycle of Lake:

Annual Life cycle of Lake:

Lakes are extremely variable in their physical,

•Physical (level of light, temperature and water

•Chemical ( nutrients, major ions and

Light plays an important role in lake ecology and

Photosynthetic organisms include algae suspended

•Solar radiation – fundamentally important

Factors Influencing Light Penetration:

Dissolved Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH,

Plankton (Phytoplankton, zooplankton and

Floating plants- non-anchored plants that float

•Benthos- organisms living on the lake bottom ◦

Those That Go Where They Choose:

•The fact that lakes occupy such a small fraction of the

•They provide habitat to aquatic and semi aquatic plants

Pond /pɑːnd/ is an area of water surrounded by

•As a result, there are some very small bodies of water,

Sometimes ponds arise from floods along a river

•Ponds are artificial or natural body of water. Well

Types Of Pond Ecosystem: