Chemistry in Our Lives: Lecture Presentation

Lecture Presentation
Chapter 1
Chemistry in
Our Lives
Karen C. Timberlake
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chapter 1 Chemistry in our Lives
Forensic scientists work in

crime laboratories where
they analyze bodily fluids
and tissue samples
collected by the crime
scene investigators.
Karen C. Timberlake
1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals
Chemists working in
laboratories test new
products and develop
new pharmaceuticals.
Learning Goal Define the term chemistry and identify substances as

chemicals.
Karen C. Timberlake
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry
• is the study of composition,
structure, properties, and
reactions of matter.
• happens all around you
every day.
Antacid tablets undergo a

chemical reaction when dropped
in water.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chemistry and Matter
Matter is another word for all substances that make up

our world.
• Antacid tablets are matter.
• Water is matter.
• Glass is matter.
• Air is matter.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chemicals in the Kitchen
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Which of the following contains chemicals?

A. Sunlight
B. Fruit
C. Milk
D. Breakfast cereal
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Which of the following contains chemicals?

A. Sunlight is energy; it does not contain chemicals.
B. Fruit is a type of matter; it contains chemicals.
C. Milk is a type of matter; it contains chemicals.
D. Breakfast cereal is a type of matter; it contains
chemicals.
Only B. fruit, C. milk, and D. breakfast cereal
contain chemicals.
Karen C. Timberlake
1.2 Scientific Method
Thinking Like a
Scientist
Linus Pauling won
the Nobel Prize in
chemistry in 1954.
Learning Goal Describe the activities that are part of the

scientific method.
Karen C. Timberlake
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a set of general principles that

helps to describe how a scientist thinks.
1. Make observations about nature and ask questions
about what you observe.
2. Propose a hypothesis, which states a possible
explanation of the observations.
3. Several experiments may be done to test the
hypothesis.
4. When results of the experiments are analyzed, a
conclusion is made as to whether the hypothesis may
be true or false.
Karen C. Timberlake
Using the Scientific Method
Suppose you visit a friend in her home and soon after

you arrive, you begin to sneeze.
• You observe that your friend has a new cat.
• You ask yourself why you are sneezing and form a
hypothesis that you are allergic to cats.
• You perform experiments to test your hypothesis by
visiting other friends with cats.
• If you sneeze after leaving the other homes with
cats, you come to the conclusion that your
hypothesis is correct.
Karen C. Timberlake
Through your observations, you may determine that you

are allergic to cat hair and dander.
Karen C. Timberlake
The hypothesis is
modified if the results
of the experiments do
not support it.
The scientific method

develops conclusions
using observations,
hypotheses, and
experiments.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a

hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C):
A. During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you
ran for 25 minutes on the treadmill.
B. Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood
pressure.
C. Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to
increased exercise.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a

hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C):
A. During your visit to the gym, your trainer records that you ran
for 25 minutes on the treadmill. Observation (O)
B. Scientific studies show that exercising lowers blood
pressure. Conclusion (C)
C. Your doctor thinks that your weight loss is due to
increased exercise. Hypothesis (H)
Karen C. Timberlake
B. Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations
A positive number is any number that is greater than

zero and has a positive sign (+). Often the positive sign
is understood and not written in front of the number.
A negative number is any number that is less than zero

and is written with a negative sign (−).
Key Math Skill Using Positive and Negative Numbers in

Calculations
Karen C. Timberlake
Multiplication and Division: Positive and Negative Numbers
1. When two positive numbers or two negative numbers

are multiplied or divided, the answer is positive (+).
2. When a positive number and a negative number are multiplied or divided,

the answer is negative (−).
Karen C. Timberlake
Addition: Positive and Negative Numbers
1. When two positive numbers are added, the answer is

positive.
2. When two negative numbers are added, the answer is
negative.
3. When a positive number and a negative number are

added, the smaller number is subtracted from the larger
number and the result has the same sign as the larger
number.
Karen C. Timberlake
Subtraction: Positive and Negative Numbers
When two numbers are subtracted, change the sign of the

number to be subtracted and then follow the rules for addition.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Solve the following equation for P1.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Solve the following equation for P1.
To solve for P1, divide both sides by V1.
Karen C. Timberlake
Scientific Notation
Numbers written in scientific notation have two parts:

Coefficient Power of 10
To write 2400 in the correct scientific notation,
• the coefficient is 2.4.
• the power of 10 is 3.
• write the product of the coefficient multiplied by a
power of 10.
2.4 × 103
Karen C. Timberlake
Scientific Notation
2 400 = 2.4 × 1 000 = 2.4 ×

103
 3 places Coefficient × Power
of 10
0.00086 = = 8.6 × 10−4
4 places  Coefficient × Power

of 10
Karen C. Timberlake
Some Positive Powers of 10
Karen C. Timberlake
Some Negative Powers of 10
Karen C. Timberlake
Measurements in Scientific Notation
Diameter of chickenpox virus = 0.000

000 3 m
= 3 × 10−7 m
Karen C. Timberlake
Some Measurements Written in Scientific Notation
Karen C. Timberlake
Scientific Notation and Calculators
Numbers in scientific notation can be entered into

a calculator using the EXP or EE key.
The calculator display shows a number between 1

and 10 followed by a space and the power of 10.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Write each of the following in correct

scientific notation:
A. 64 000
B. 0.021
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Write each of the following in correct scientific

notation:
A. 64 000
STEP 1 Move the decimal point to
obtain a coefficient that is at least 1 but
less than 10.
6.4
STEP 2 Express the number of places
moved as a
power of 10.
Karen C. Timberlake
4
Solution
Write each of the following in correct scientific

notation:
B. 0.021
STEP 1 Move the decimal point to
obtain a coefficient that is at least 1 but
less than 10.
2.1
STEP 2 Express the number of places
moved as a power of 10.
10−2
Karen C. Timberlake
Measurement of Matter
Karen C. Timberlake
Karen C. Timberlake
• Mass: The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram
(kg).
• Length: The SI base unit of length is the meter

(m).
• Volume: The SI base unit of volume is the cubic

meter (m3).
• Time: The SI base unit of time is the second (s).

Karen C. Timberlake
Density
Density is defined as the

amount of matter in a given
amount of space.
d = m/V
The density of copper is

8.94 g/cm3.
Karen C. Timberlake
Density: Practice Problem
Calculate the density of a metal sample with a

mass of 18.96 g and a volume of 4.31 cm3.
d = m/V
= 18.96 g/4.31cm3
= 4.40 g/cm3
Karen C. Timberlake
Density Calculations
Example 6. A certain mineral has a mass of

17.8 g and a volume of 2.35 cm3. What is the
density of this mineral?
mass
Density =
volume
17.8 g
Density =
2.35 cm3
3
Density = 7.57 g/cm
Karen C. Timberlake
Accuracy versus Precision
Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to

the true value of a quantity.
Precision refers to the proximity of several
measurements to each other.
Neither accurate nor Precise but not Accurate and

precise
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e
accurate © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake precise !!!!!
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to

digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.
Karen C. Timberlake
Counting Significant Figures
1. Nonzero integers ALWAYS count as significant figures.
3456 has 4 sig figs
2. There are 3 classes of zeroes:

Leading zeroes - Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never
significant
0.048 has 2 sig figs.
00481 has 3 sig figs
Captive zeroes - Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.
106 has 3 sig figs
Trailing zeroes - Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a
decimal point is written in the number
150 has 2 sig fig.
1.50 has 3 sig fig
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Practice
a) 17 g contains ? significant figures

b) 17.0 g contains ? significant figures
c) 10.3 g contains ? significant figures
d) 4.307 g contains ? significant figures
e) 400g contains ? significant figures
a) 2 b) 3 c) 3 d) 4 e) 1
Try to determine the number of significant

figures:
a)245000 L b)0.00043 m
c)0.0500 in d)30501 mL
a) 3
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e b) 2 c) 3 d) 5 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
a) 0.000122300 has ___ significant
figures
b) 0.00052
c) 12.2300
d) 1.2459
e) 1.2X104
f)
12X10-3
a) 6 b) 2 c) 6 d) 5 e) 2 f) 2
Karen C. Timberlake
Rounding The Numbers
When Calculator answer contains too many digits, it is
necessary to delete (drop) the nonsignificant figures. This
process is called Rounding off
(1) If the digit to be dropped is five or greater than 5, the

last retained digit is increased by one. For example,
13.6 is rounded to 14.
(2) If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, the last

remaining digit is left as it is. For example,
13.4 is rounded to 13.

Karen C. Timberlake
Round off the following numbers to two
significant figures ?
A) 25.7 26
B) 0.4327 0.43
C)432,117 430000
D)13500 14000
Karen C. Timberlake

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Lecture Presentation

Forensic scientists work in

Learning Goal Define the term chemistry and identify substances as

Antacid tablets undergo a

Matter is another word for all substances that make up

Which of the following contains chemicals?

Which of the following contains chemicals?

Learning Goal Describe the activities that are part of the

The scientific method is a set of general principles that

Suppose you visit a friend in her home and soon after

Through your observations, you may determine that you

The scientific method

Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a

Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a

A positive number is any number that is greater than

A negative number is any number that is less than zero

Key Math Skill Using Positive and Negative Numbers in

1. When two positive numbers or two negative numbers

2. When a positive number and a negative number are multiplied or divided,

1. When two positive numbers are added, the answer is

3. When a positive number and a negative number are

When two numbers are subtracted, change the sign of the

Solve the following equation for P1.

Solve the following equation for P1.

To solve for P1, divide both sides by V1.

Numbers written in scientific notation have two parts:

2 400 = 2.4 × 1 000 = 2.4 ×

0.00086 = = 8.6 × 10−4

4 places  Coefficient × Power

Diameter of chickenpox virus = 0.000

Numbers in scientific notation can be entered into

The calculator display shows a number between 1

Write each of the following in correct

Write each of the following in correct scientific

Write each of the following in correct scientific

• Length: The SI base unit of length is the meter

• Volume: The SI base unit of volume is the cubic

• Time: The SI base unit of time is the second (s).

Density is defined as the

The density of copper is

Calculate the density of a metal sample with a

Example 6. A certain mineral has a mass of

Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to

Neither accurate nor Precise but not Accurate and

• The term significant figures refers to

2. There are 3 classes of zeroes:

a) 17 g contains ? significant figures

Try to determine the number of significant

(1) If the digit to be dropped is five or greater than 5, the

13.6 is rounded to 14.

(2) If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, the last

13.4 is rounded to 13.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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