Organizational

Behavior
FACILITATED BY
MS. JAVERIA SATTAR
Leadership Concepts
Recap

Highlights
Define Leader & Leadership
Compare and contrast the different theories of leadership
Trait theories of leadership
Behavioral theories of leadership
Contingency theories of leadership
Leadership
Leader
Is someone who can influence others and who has
managerial authority
Leadership
Is a process of leading a group and influencing that group to
achieve a vision or a set of goals
 Leadership

“I am more afraid of an army of 100 sheep led by a

lion than an army of 100 lions led by a sheep.”
—Talleyrand
Trait theories of leadership
Theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics
that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.
i. Drive.
ii. Desire to lead
iii. Honesty and integrity
iv. Self-confidence
v. Intelligence
Trait theories of leadership
vi. Job-relevant knowledge
vii. Extraversion
viii.Proneness to guilt
ix. Emotional intelligence
x. Conscientiousness
Behavioral theories of leadership
Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate
leaders from non-leaders.
 Behavioral theories of leadership
University of Iowa Studies (Kurt Lewin)
Identified three leadership styles:
Autocratic style: centralized authority, low participation
Democratic style: involvement, high participation, feedback
Laissez faire style: hands-off management
 Behavioral theories of leadership

University of Iowa Studies (Kurt Lewin)

Research findings: Mixed results
No specific style was consistently better for producing better
performance.
Employees were more satisfied under a democratic leader than
under an autocratic leader.
Behavioral theories of leadership
Ohio State Studies
Identified two dimensions of leader behavior:
Initiating Structure
The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her
role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment.
Consideration
The extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships
characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates’ ideas, and
regard for their feelings.
University of Michigan
Managerial Grid
 Contemporary Views of Leadership
Leader–member exchange (LMX) Theory
A theory that supports leaders’ creation of in-groups and out-
groups; subordinates with in-group status will have higher
performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction.
Leader–member exchange (LMX) Theory
 Charismatic Leadership Theory
A leadership theory that states that followers make attributions
of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe
certain behaviors.
Key Characteristics of a Charismatic Leader
 Contingency theories of leadership
Transformational Leaders
Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-
interests and who are capable of having a profound and
extraordinary effect on followers.
 Transactional Leaders
Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of
established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.
Characteristics of Transactional and
Transformational Leaders
Full Range of Leadership Model
 Authentic Leadership
Authentic Leaders
Leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value,
and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers
would consider them to be ethical people
Servant Leadership
A leadership style marked by going beyond the leader’s own self-
interest and instead focusing on opportunities to help followers grow
and develop.
Trust
A positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically.