Microprocessor Technology

Presented By
Anshika Porwal
Scholar No- 222116609
 OUTLINE
• FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROPROCESSOR
1. Components of microprocessor
2. Evolution of processors
3. Operations of a microprocessor
4. Microprocessor systems with bus organization
5. Memory organization
6. 8085 microprocessor
• MICROCONTROLLER
• MICROPROCESSOR VS. MICROCONTROLLER
• SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
• INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL DRIVES
1. working principal of drives
2. classification of electric drives
3. drive motor characteristics
4. applications of electrical drives
• REFERENCES
 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROPROCESSOR

• Von Neumann architecture vs Harvard architecture

 COMPONENTS OF MICROPROCESSOR

• Components
 EVOLUTION OF PROCESSORS

 Intel 4004
Year of introduction 1971
 4-bit microprocessor
 4 KB main memory
 45 instructions
 PMOS technology
 was first programmable device which was used in calculators
 Intel 8008
Year of introduction 1972
 8-bit version of 4004
 16 KB main memory
 48 instructions
 PMOS technology
 Contd…
 Intel 8080
 Year of introduction 1973
 8-bit microprocessor
 64 KB main memory
 2 microseconds clock cycle time
 500,000 instructions/sec
 10X faster than 8008
 NMOS technology
 Drawback was that it needed three power supplies.
 Small computers (Microcomputers) were designed in mid 1970’s
 Contd…
 Intel 8085
 Year of introduction 1975
 8-bit microprocessor-upgraded version of 8080

 64 KB main memory

 1.3 microseconds clock cycle time

 246 instructions

 Intel sold 100 million copies of this 8-bit microprocessor

 uses only one +5v power supply.

 OPERATIONS OF A MICROPROCESSOR

•Microprocessor Initiated operations

Internal Operations
Peripheral(Externally Initiated) operations
 Microprocessor Initiated Operations
Memory Read
Memory Write
I/O Read
I /O Write
 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS WITH BUS
ORGANIZATION
Bus organization
 MEMORY ORGANIZATION

Memory Chart
 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
• It is an 8-bit microprocessor i.e. it can accept, process, or provide 8-bit data
simultaneously.
• It operates on a single +5V power supply connected at VCC; power supply
• ground is connected to Vss.
• It operates on clock cycle with 50% duty cycle.
• It has on chip clock generator. This internal clock generator requires tuned
circuit like LC, RC or crystal. The internal clock generator divides oscillator
frequency by 2 and generates clock signal, which can be used for
synchronizing external devices.
• It can operate with a 3 MHz clock frequency. The 8085A-2 version can
operate
• at the maximum frequency of 5 MHz
• It has 16 address lines, hence it can access (216) 64 Kbytes of memory.

• It provides 8 bit I/O addresses to access (28 ) 256 I/O ports.

• In 8085, the lower 8-bit address bus (A0 – A7) and data bus (D0 – D7) are
Multiplexed to reduce number of external pins. But due to this, external
hardware (latch) is required to separate address lines and data lines.
 PIN DIAGRAM

pin
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085
 MICROCONTROLLER

•The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.

•Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable
devices, are controlled by them.
•A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to

reduce
• production costs and product reliable.

Two modes of controllers:

Hardware :Interface to the real world
Software :order how to deal with inputs
MICROCONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM
 MICROPROCESSOR VS. MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor
•CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O,
• timer are separate
•Designer can decide on the amount
of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
• It is Expansive
• It is general-purpose
Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
are all on a single chip
• fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM,
I/O ports
• for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
• single-purpose
SIGNAL CONDITIONING AND DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEMS
• A typical data acquisition system consists of individual sensors with the
necessary signal conditioning, data conversion, data processing,
multiplexing, data handling and associated transmission, storage and
display systems. Data acquisition systems are used to measure and record
signals obtained in two ways. They are
• i) Signals originating from direct measurement of electrical quantities (DC
and AC voltage, frequency etc.,)
• ii) Signals originating from transducers (Strain gauges, thermocouple etc.,)
• Generally, the instrumentation systems can be classified into analog
systems and digital system Analog systems deal with measurement
information in analog form. An signal may be defined as a continuous
function, such as a plot of voltage versus time, or displacement versus
pressure. A digital quantity may consist of a number of discrete and
discontinuous pulses whose time relationship contains information about
the magnitude or the nature of the quantity.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ACQUISITION SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• Motion control is required in large number of industrial and domestic

applications.
• Systems employed for getting the required motion and their smooth
control are called Drives. Drives require prime movers like Diesel or
petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic motors or electric
motors.
• These prime movers deliver the required mechanical energy for getting
the motion and its control. Drives employing Electric motors as prime
movers for motion control are called Electric Drives.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVE
 WORKING PRINCIPAL OF DRIVES

Power Modulator:-The power modulator mainly controls the o/p power

of the supply. The controlling of this can be done from the power source to
the electric motor. The motor supplies the speed-torque feature which is
necessary through the load.
Throughout the transient functions namely starting, braking & speed
reversing, the extreme current will be drawn from the power source. This
may cause a voltage drop. So this modulator prevents the source as well as
the motor current.
Control Unit:- This unit mainly controls the modulator which works with
less voltage as well as power levels when required. The power modulator
& motor can be protected by the commands generated through the
control unit. The input command signal alters the working point of the
electric drive from i/p to the control unit.
 Contd…

Sensing Unit:- This unit detects the specific parameter of electric drives
like motor speed and current. It is mainly used for the operation of closed
loop otherwise protection.

Motor:- The electric motor is used for a particular application that can be
selected through believing different features like cost, the power reaching
level & required act through the load during the active operations and stable
state.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVES

There are three classification namely

• Grope Drive
• Individual Drive
• Multimotor Drive
 DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

• Mechanical speed torque characteristics of various types of load and drive

motors

• Braking of electrical motors

• Dc motors: shunt, series, compound motors

• Single phase and three phase induction motors

 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

• These are used in domestic & industrial applications like electric motors, factories, textile
mills, fans, transportation systems, pumps, robots, etc.

• These drives are used for electric traction to transport materials from one place to
another. Electric traction are buses, electric trains, trolleys, and vehicles that are power-
driven with solar.

• These drives are used for electric traction to transport materials from one place to
another. Electric tractions are buses, electric trains, trolleys, and vehicles that are power-
driven with solar.

• These are used in spinning machines, conveyor systems, agitators, extruders; draw lines,
blowers in yarn, Crain and winding unwinding

• These drives can be used like main movers for engines like petrol/diesel, turbines like
gas/steam, motors like hydraulic /electric.
 References
• 0000 to 8085 Introduction to microprocessor for scientist & engineers by
Ghosh & Sridhar, PHI.
• Fundamentals of microprocessor and microcontroller by B. RAM, Dhanpat
Rai Publications.
• Advanced microprocessor and peripherals (architecture, programming and
interfacing) by A.K.Roy & K.M.Bhurchandi, TMH Publication.
• Microprocessor, theory and applications by A.V.Deshmukh, TMH
Publication.
• Maurizio Di Paolo Emilio, “Data Acquisition Systems – From Fundamental
to Applied Design” Springer publication, New York, pp. 1-2, 2013.
• Data Acquisition Tutorial :: Radio-Electronics.com (http://www.radio-
electronics.com/info/t_and_m/data-acquisition/data-acquisition.php),
visited on 8th March 2018.
Thank You