Microelectronics

Circuit Analysis and Design

Donald A. Neamen

Chapter 6

Basic BJT Amplifiers

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-1

McGraw-Hill
In this chapter, we will:
 Understand the concept of an analog signal and
the principle of a linear amplifier.
 Investigate how a transistor circuit can amplify a
small, time-varying input signal.
 Discuss and compare the three basic transistor
amplifier configurations.
 Analyze the common-emitter amplifier.
 Understand the ac load line & determine the
maximum symmetrical swing of the output.
 Analyze the emitter-follower amplifier.
 Analyze the common-base amplifier.
 Analyze multitransistor or multistage amplifiers.
 circuit. Understand the concept of signal power
gain in an amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-2

McGraw-Hill
 Common Emitter
with Time-Varying Input

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-3

McGraw-Hill
IB Versus VBE
Characteristic

vbe
iB  I BQ (1  )  I B  ib
VT

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-4

McGraw-Hill
 ac Equivalent Circuit
for Common Emitter

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-5

McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Hybrid  Model for npn BJT

I CQ
gm 
VT
VT
r 
I CQ
g m r  

Phasor signals are shown in parentheses.

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-6

McGraw-Hill
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Using
Common-Emitter Current Gain

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-7

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit for
npn Common Emitter circuit

r
Av  ( g m RC )( )
r  RB
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-8
McGraw-Hill
 Problem-Solving Technique:
BJT AC Analysis

1. Analyze circuit with only dc sources to find Q

point.
2. Replace each element in circuit with small-
signal model, including the hybrid  model for
the transistor.
3. Analyze the small-signal equivalent circuit
after setting dc source components to zero.

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-9

McGraw-Hill
 Transformation of Elements
Element DC Model AC Model

Resistor R R

Capacitor Open C

Inductor Short L

Diode +V, rf – rd = VT/ID

Independent Constant + VS - Short

Voltage Source

Independent Constant IS Open

Current Source
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-10
McGraw-Hill
Hybrid Model for npn with Early Effect

VA
ro 
I CQ

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-11

McGraw-Hill
Hybrid p Model for pnp with Early Effect

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-12

McGraw-Hill
 Expanded Hybrid  Model for npn

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-13

McGraw-Hill
 h-Parameter Model for npn

r
hie  rb  r r hre 
r
h fe   1  1
hoe  
r ro

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-14

McGraw-Hill
 T-Model of an npn BJT

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-15

McGraw-Hill
 4 Equivalent 2-port Networks

Voltage Amplifier

Current Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-16

McGraw-Hill
 4 Equivalent 2-port Networks

Transconductance
Amplifier

Transresistance
Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-17

McGraw-Hill
 Common Emitter with Voltage-Divider
Bias and a Coupling Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-18

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit –
Coupling Capacitor Assumed a Short

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-19

McGraw-Hill
 npn Common Emitter
with Emitter Resistor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-20

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Common Emitter with RE

Rib  r  (1   ) RE
Ri  R1 R 2 Rib
  RC Ri
Av  ( )
r  (1   ) RE Ri  RS

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-21

McGraw-Hill
 RE and Emitter Bypass Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-22

McGraw-Hill
 Current Source Biasing and
Nonlinear Load

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-23

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Current Biasing and Nonlinear Load

Av   g m (ro rc )

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-24

McGraw-Hill
 dc AND ac Load Lines:
RE and Emitter Bypass Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-25

McGraw-Hill
 Problem-Solving Technique:
Maximum Symmetrical Swing
1. Write dc load line equation that relates ICQ and
VCEQ.
2. Write ac load line equations that relates ic
and vce
3. In general, ic = ICQ – IC(min), where IC(min) is
zero or other minimum collector current.
4. In general, vce = VCEQ – VCE(min), where
VCE(min) is some specified minimum collector-
emitter voltage.
5. Combine above 4 equations to find optimum
ICQ and VCEQ.
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-26
McGraw-Hill
 Common-Collector
or Emitter-Follower Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-27

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Emitter Follower

Rib  r  (1   )(ro RE )
Ri  R1 R2 R ib
(1   )(ro RE ) Ri
Av  ( )
r  (1   )( ro RE ) Ri  RS
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-28
McGraw-Hill
 Output Resistance:
Emitter Follower

r
Ro  RE ro
1 

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-29

McGraw-Hill
 Common-Base Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-30

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Common Base

Av  g m ( RC RL )
RC r
Ai  g m ( )[ RE ]
RC  RL 1  

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-31

McGraw-Hill
 Input Resistance:
Common Base

Rie = r/(1+)

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-32

McGraw-Hill
 Output Resistance:
Common Base

RO = R C

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-33

McGraw-Hill
 Common Emitter Cascade Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-34

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Cascade Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-35

McGraw-Hill
 Darlington Pair

Ai  1  2

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-36

McGraw-Hill
 Cascode Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-37

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Cascode Amplifier

Av   g m1 ( RC RL )

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 6-38

McGraw-Hill