JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

Study topic: Contribution of Shear Reinforcement on Reinforced

Concrete Beams with Recycled Concrete Aggregate

Prepared by: Burton Kamau - ENC211-0022/2016

Gloria Chepkoech - ENC211-0039/2016

Supervised by : ENG. BRIAN ODERO

 Content

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives
 Main objective
 Specific objectives
1.4 Scope and Limitation
2. Literature review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials for concrete : cement
aggregates
water
2.3 Recycled material
2.4 Mechanical properties
2.5 Failure mechanism in beams
2.6 Quality and Durability of recycled concrete
2.7 Test to be done
2.8 Merits and Demerits of recycled aggregates
2.9 Summary and Gap
2.10 Conceptual Framework

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3. Methodology
3.1 Material Properties
• Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Coarse aggregate
• Recycled concrete aggregate
• Water
3.2 Basic material properties
• Cement
• Aggregates
3.3 Mix Design
3.4 Fresh and Hardened properties.
3.5 Shear Test
3.6 Work Plan And Budget

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 Background study.
 Concrete structural members ( beams, columns) are normally reinforced
with steel reinforcement to resist tension and to protect against brittle
failure.

 Concrete beams fail in flexure (due to beaming moments at the mid span)
and shear (due to shear forces at supports ).

 Shear failure is a critical problem because it occurs suddenly and abruptly

hence catastrophic.

 Due to limited research in shear failure of especially reinforced concrete

beams with recycled material there is need for more research.
 Problem Statement
 Beams are normally designed to fail in flexure before shear
failure. This is because shear is usually abrupt and
catastrophic in nature.

 Production of concrete ingredients, damping construction and

demolition waste causes land, air and noise pollution being a
threat to the environment.

 The study seeks to analyse shear failure in reinforced concrete

beams with recycled aggregates.
 Objectives of the research
General objective

To investigate on the contribution of shear reinforcement on

reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates.
Specific objectives

i. To determine the basic properties of recycled materials for usage

on concrete mix.

ii. To determine fresh and hardness properties of concrete beams

on recycled materials using slump test, concrete cubes.

iii. To determine shear failure on beams with or without shear

reinforcement on recycled materials.
 Scope and Limitation
Scope

 The proposed research is limited to the contribution of shear reinforcement

in reinforced concrete beams varying the loading positons and shear
reinforcements spacing using recycled concrete aggregates.
Limitation of study
 The results and analysis are limited to the recycled aggregates obtained
from one source.

 Insufficient funds to facilitate activities to depth.

 Given time frame of about 40 weeks is not adequate to comprehensively
cover the research fully.
 2. Literature review
2.1 Recycled materials
 Recycled aggregates are derived from construction and demolition wastes then used to produce
concrete products.
 The use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in concrete has not been widely accepted due to
its disadvantages of having low mechanical and durability properties as compared to natural
concrete aggregates (NCA).
2.2 Merits And Demerits Of Recycled Aggregates
Merits of recycled aggregates
 Reduces the number of virgin aggregates mined.
 The unhydrated part of old mortar play a positive role in the internal curing.
Demerits of recycled aggregates
 Recycled aggregates have high water absorption.
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 Recycled aggregates have low strength and high porosity.
 2.3 Failure mechanisms in beams
a) Shear failure - Shear failure is a failure that occur due to shear forces causing hogging
moments at supports of beams.
• Diagonal tension failure
• Diagonal compression failure
• Splitting or true shear failure
b) Flexural failure - Flexural Tension Failure
• Flexural Tension Failure
Flexural Compression Failure
Balanced Failure
c) Crack propagation on recycled concrete – failure in beams is dissipated by tensile cracks i.e. flexural and
tension
2.4 Summary and Gap
 Most researchers have focused basically on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete as a test
element and its real application in road construction. However much less efforts have been made to study the
structural behavior of elements made with RCA hence worth studying.
 Larger number studies have focused on the longitudinally reinforced concrete beams. The study therefore noted
that the beams with relatively large longitudinal reinforcement are not commonly in practice. This therefore
prompts doing more research on contribution of stirrups to shear in concrete beams with RCA.
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 3.0 Methodology
 It will involve methods to be used and various specifications to be considered.
 Production of concrete structures involve:
i. Evaluating a mix design to achieve proportions to be put in the mixture.
ii. Preparation of ingredients to be used in terms of weight.
iii. Size and testing whether they qualify to be used.
iv. Assembling the ingredients, mixing them.
v. Casting the beam and putting it up for testing its ability in shear.
3.1 Fresh and Hardened properties.
Fresh Properties
 Slump test
Hardened Properties
 Making test cubes
 Making test cylinders
 Concrete strength
• Compressive strength
• Tensile splitting strength 12
 3.2 Material Properties
i. Cement
specifically Ordinary Portland cement (Grade 42.5N) supplied by Bamburi cement.
ii. Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate to be used is river sand from River Chania (Matuu), Kenya.
iii. Coarse aggregate
natural coarse aggregates mined from quarries are to be bought in Juja, Kenya.
The aggregates range from 6-14mm.
iv. Recycled concrete aggregate
Recycled aggregates which will be from demolished structures will be crushed manually and graded in the
JKUAT laboratory.
v. Water
Water to be used during execution of the project is clean water from the JKUAT laboratory
purpose of cleaning, mixing of concrete, curing.
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3.3 Shear test

Flexural failure Shear failure

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 WORKPLAN
DURATION MAY JUNE JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN
ACTIVITIES
Proposal writing and
presentation
Preparations of
materials
Testing of materials
and Concrete mix
design,

testing on fresh
concrete and casting

Analysis and
interpretation of
results

Final project
compilation
Final presentation                  

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Budget
S/No. Item Name   Rate (KSH) Quantity Item Price
(KSH)

1. Materials Cement (42.5N)  960  4  3,840

    Sand  1700 Per Ton  1 ton  1,700

    Recycled aggregates  1400 Per Ton  0.4 ton  560

    Reinforcement bars  D8 780/= 3 bars 2,340

(D8 and D12)
D10 950/= 4 bars 2,850

2. Labour Casual labour  600 Per Day  6 days  3,600

3. Transport All inclusive  @ Trip 500  4 trips  2,000

4. Miscellaneous        3,000

       
Total  ksh 19,890

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