THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

An Approximate Equivalent Circuit

 Power Relations For 3-Phase IM
EXAMPLE 1-2
A 480V, 60Hz, 50hp, Y-connected, 3 phase induction motor is drawing 60A at 0.85 PF
lagging. The stator copper losses are 2kW, and the rotor copper losses are 700W.
The friction and windage losses are 600W, the core losses are 1800W, and the stray
losses are negligible. Using the power flow diagram in Figure 1-6a, find:
a) The air gap power Pag.
b) The power converted Pd.
c) The output power Po.
d) The efficiency of the motor.
SOLUTION
a) The phase voltage V1 = VL/3 = 480/3 = 277 V
 3V1 I1 cos   3 277  60 0.85  42400W or 42.4kW
Pin
 Pin  Pm  42400  2000 1800  or 38.6kW
Pag 38600W  Pscl
b) Pd  Pag  Prcl  38600  700  37900W or 37.9kW
c) P0  Pd  Pr  Pd  Pfw  Pst  37900  600  0  37300W or 37.3kW

d) %  Po 100  37300 100  88%

42400
Pin 2
 Power Relations For 3-Phase IM
EXAMPLE 1-3
A 6-pole, 230-V, 60-Hz, Y-connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters on a per-phase basis:
R1 = 0.5 , R2 = 0.25 , X1 = 0.75 , X2 = 0.5 , Xm = 100 , and Rc = 500 .
The friction and windage loss is 150 W. Determine the efficiency of the motor at its
rated slip of 2.5%.
SOLUTION
The synchronous speed of the motor is
120 f 120  60
Ns  P  6  1200 rpm or
s  125.66 rad / s
The per-phase applied voltage is
VL 230
V1 
3  3  132.8 V
The effective rotor impedance as referred to the stator is

Z 2  R2  j X2  0.25  j 0.5  10  j 0.5 

s 0.025
3
 Power Relations For 3-Phase IM
SOLUTION (1-3) cont.
Since Rc, jXm, and are in parallel, we
can compute the equivalent impedance
1 1 1 1
as:    Zˆ
Zˆ
R c j X m
2

1 1
e     0.102  j 0.015 S and Ze
 9.619  j 1.417 
1
500 j100 10  j 0.5

The stator winding impedance is
Z  R  j X  0.5  j 0.75 
1 1 1

Hence, the total input impedance is

Z in  Z
1  Ze  10.119  j 2.167 

The stator current: V 

132.80 0
 12.832   12.10 A
I1  ˆ 1  10.119  j 2.167
The power factor: Z in

pf  cos()  cos( v )i  cos(12.10)  0.978 lagging

Power input:
 3V1 I1 cos   3132.812.832 0.978  4998.54 W
Pin
4
 Power Relations For 3-Phase IM
SOLUTION (1-3) cont.

Stator copper loss:

P  3I 2 R  312.8322 0.5  246.99 W
scl 1 1

The induced emf in the stator winding is

E VI Z  132.8 (12.83212.10 )(0.5 j0.75) 124.763  3.710
V
1 1 1 1

Hence, the Core loss

Pm  is
3E 21 / R c  3(124.76)2 / 500  93.75 W
The Air-gap power:
 Pin  Pm 4657.8 W
Pag  Pscl
The Rotor copper loss:
 3 I 2R or P  sP  0.25 4657.8  116.46
P W
Power developed:rcl 2 2 rcl ag
Pd  Pag  4541.34 W
Power output:
 Prcl
P0  Pd  Pr  4541.34 
Efficiency: 150  4391.34 W
P0
%  100  87.9%
5
Pin
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
• A well-designed three-phase induction motor usually meets most of
the following guidelines: (refer to the per-phase equivalent circuit shown in Figure
1-4)
1.The stator winding resistance is kept small in order to reduce the
stator copper loss.
2.The stator winding leakage reactance is minimized by reducing the
mean- turn length of each coil.
3.Thin laminations of low-loss steel are used to cut down the core loss.
Thus,
the equivalent core-loss resistance is usually high.
4.The permeability of steel selected for laminations is high, and the
operating flux density in the motor is kept below the knee of the
magnetization curve. Thus, the magnetization reactance is usually high.
 

 
Figure 1-4 21
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
– An induction motor conforming to the above stipulations can be represented
by an approximate equivalent circuit, as shown in Figure 1-7, where we
have placed the parallel branch (the excitation circuit) across the power
source.
– We admit that the analysis of an induction motor using the approximate
equivalent circuit is somewhat inaccurate, but the inaccuracy is negligible
for a well-designed motor.
– On the other hand, the approximate equivalent circuit not only simplifies the
analysis but also aids in comprehending various characteristics of the
motor.
– For instance, we use the approximate equivalent circuit to determine
the speed at which (a) the torque developed is maximum, (b) the power
developed is maximum, and (c) the motor efficiency is maximum.

Figure 1-7 An approximate equivalent

circuit on a per-phase basis of a
balanced three-phase induction motor. 7
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
EXAMPLE 1-4
A 6-pole, 230-V, 60-Hz, Y-connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters on a per-phase basis:
R1 = 0.5 , R2 = 0.25 , X1 = 0.75 , X2 = 0.5 , Xm = 100 , and Rc = 500 .
The friction and windage loss is 150 W. Determine the efficiency of the motor at its
rated slip of 2.5%. Using the approximate equivalent circuit shown in Figure 1-6
SOLUTION
The synchronous speed of the motor is
120 f 120  60
Ns  P  6  1200 rpm or
s  125.66 rad / s
The per-phase applied voltage is Figure 1-7

VL 230
V1  3  3  132.8 V
The effective rotor impedance as referred to the stator is
 R2
Z e   R1  j X 1    jX 2 
  0.5  j0.75   0.25  j0.5  10.5  j1.25 
 s   0.025 
ˆ 8
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
SOLUTION (1-4) cont.
Hence, the rotor current:

I 2  V1  12.558 6.790 A
Z e 10.5 
132.8
j1.25
Core-loss current: Figure 1-7
I c  V1 132.8
Rc  500  0.266 A
Magnetization current is
V
I m  1  132.8  j1.328 A
The stator current: j Xm
I13.043
1  I2  j100
 12.45 IAc  I m 12.558  6.79  0.266  j1.328
0
0

The power factor:

pf  cos()  cos( v )i  cos(12.45 0)  0.977 lagging
Power input:
 3V1 I1 cos   3132.813.043 0.977  5074 W Compare to 4998.57 W
Pin

9
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
SOLUTION (1-4) cont.

Stator copper loss:

P  3I 2 R  312.5582 0.5 
236.6 W
scl 2 1

Hence, the Core loss is Figure 1-7

Pm  3Ic 2 Rc  30.266 2 500  106.1 W
The Air-gap power:
 Pin  Pm  4731.3 W Compare to 4657.8 W
Pag
The Rotor copper loss:
PrclPscl 3I2 2 R2  312.5582 0.25  118.3 W

Power developed:
Pd  Pag  4731.3 118.3  4613
Power output:
 Prcl W
P 0  Pd  Pr  4613
 150  4463 W
Efficiency: P0 4463
%  100  5074
100  87.96% Compare to 87.9%
Pin
10
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
EXAMPLE 1-5
A 460V, 25hp, 60Hz, 4 pole, Y-connected induction motor has the following impedances
in ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit:
R1 = 0.641 , R2 = 0.332 , X1 = 1.106 , X2 = 0.464 , and Xm = 26.3 .
The total rotational losses are 1100W and are assumed to be constant. The core loss is
lumped in with the rotational losses. For a rotor slip of 2.2% at the rated voltage and
rated frequency, using the approximate equivalent circuit in Figure 1-8, find the motor’s
a) stator current, b) power factor, c) Pd and Po, d) the efficiency, and e) Td and To.
SOLUTION
The synchronous speed of the motor is
120 f 120  60
Ns  P  4  1800 rpm or
s  188.5 rad / s
a) The per-phase applied voltage is
Figure 1-8 A modified approximate
V 460 equivalent circuit.
V1  3L   265.6 V
The effective 3rotor impedance as referred to the stator is
 R2
Z e   R1  j X1    2   0.332 
 s  jX  0.641  j1.106  0.022  j0.464
11   15.732  j1.57 
ˆ
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
SOLUTION (1-5) cont.
Hence, the rotor current:

I 2  V1  16.8  5.70 A
Z e 15.732  j1.57
265.6
Magnetization current is Figure 1-8
V
Im  1 265.6
j m  j26.3  j10.110.1  90 A
0

The stator XI m 16.8  5.7  j10.1  20.44   35.14

current: A
I1  I 2  0
0
b) The power factor:
pf  cos( )  cos(  )  cos(35.140 )  0.8177 lagging
1 v1 i1

c) Power input:

Pin  3V1 I1 cos 1  3 265.6  20.44  cos 35.14  13318

or W
Pin  3V1 I 2 cos(v1 i 2 )  3V1 I 2 cos 2  3 265.6 16.8 cos 5.7  13320
W
12
 An Approximate Equivalent Circuit
SOLUTION (1-5) cont.
The Air-gap power:
R 0.332
Pag  3 I 22 s2  316.82  0.022 12777.8 W
Power developed:

Pd  1 s  Pag  1 0.02212777.8 12496.7 W Figure 1-6(b)

d) Power output:
P 0  P d  Pr  12496.7  1100  11396.7 W
Efficiency:
P0 11396.7
% 100  100  85.57%
13318
P
e) Developed intorque:
m  1 s s  1 .022 188.5  184.35 rad /
s Pag 12777.8
Td  d 
P 12496.7
 67.8 N.m T    67.8 N.m
d
m 184.35 s
or
Shaft (load) torque: 188.50
P 11396.7
T  o  184.35  61.8 N.m
o m 13
 Three-Phase Induction Motors Problems
• Power Relations:
7. A 10-hp, 4-pole, 440-V, 60-Hz, Y-connected, three-phase induction motor runs at
1725 rpm on full load. The stator copper loss is 212 W, and the rotational loss is
340 W. Determine (a) the power developed, (b) the airgap power, (c) the rotor
copper loss, (d) the total power input, and (e) the efficiency of the motor. What is
the shaft torque?
8. A 2-hp, 120-V, 60-Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected, three-phase induction motor operates
at 1650 rpm on full load. The rotor impedance at standstill is 0.02 + j0.06 /phase.
Determine the rotor current if the rotational loss is 160 W. What is the magnitude of
the induced emf in the rotor?
9. A three-phase induction motor operates at a slip of 3% and has a rotor copper loss
of 300 W. The rotational loss is 1500 W. Determine (a) the air gap power and (b)
the power output. If the rotor impedance is 0.2 + j0.8 /phase, what is the
magnitude of the induced emf per phase in the rotor?
10. A 10-hp, 6-pole, 440-V, 60-Hz, -connected, three-phase induction motor is
designed to operate at 3% slip on full load. The rotational loss is 4% of the power
output. When the motor operates at full load, determine (a) the rotor copper loss,
(b) the air-gap power, (c) the power developed, and (d) the shaft torque.
14
 Three-Phase Induction Motors Problems
• Development of an Equivalent Circuit:
11. A 208-V, 50-Hz, 12-pole, Y-connected, three-phase induction motor has a stator
impedance of 0.1 + j0.3 /phase and a rotor impedance of 0.06 + j0.8 /phase at
standstill. The core-loss resistance is 150 /phase, and the magnetization reactance
is 750 /phase. The friction and windage loss is 2 kW. When the motor operates at its
full-load slip of 5%, determine (a) the power input, (b) the stator copper loss, (c) the
rotor copper loss, (d) the air-gap power, (e) the power developed, (f) the power output,
(g) the efficiency, (h) the shaft torque, and (i) the horsepower rating of the motor.
12. The per-phase equivalent circuit parameters of a 208-V, 4-pole, 50-Hz, three-phase,
Y-connected, induction motor are R1 = 0.4 , X1 = 0.8 , R2 = 0.3 , X2 = 0.9 , and
Xm = 40 . The core loss is 45 W, and the friction and windage loss is 160 W. When
the motor operates at a slip of 5%, determine (a) the input current, (b) the power
input, (c) the air-gap power, (d) the power developed, (e) the power output, ( f ) the
shaft torque, and (9) the efficiency of the motor. Draw its power-flow diagram.
13. Calculate the starting torque developed by the motor of Problem 12.

15
 Three-Phase Induction Motors Problems
A. A 4-pole, 230-V, 60-Hz, Y-connected, three-phase induction motor has the following
parameters on a per-phase basis: R1 = 10.12 , X1 = 38.61 , R2 = 21.97 , X2 =
11.56 , and Xm = 432.48 . The core loss is 10.72 W, and the friction and windage
loss is 5.9 W. When the motor operates at its rated speed of 1550 rpm, determine
(a)the stator current, (b) the magnetization current, (c) the rotor current, (d) the
power input, (e) the stator copper loss, ( f ) the rotor copper loss, (g) the power
output, (h) the shaft torque, and (i) the efficiency.

• An Approximate Equivalent Circuit:

15. Redo Problem 12 using the approximate equivalent circuit. Also, solve Problem
13.
16. The equivalent circuit parameters of a 208-V, 60-Hz, 6-pole, Y-connected, three-
phase induction motor in ohms/phase are R1 = 0.21, R2 = 0.33, X1 = 0.6, X2 = 0.6, Rc
= 210, and Xm = 450. When the motor runs at a slip of 5% on full load, determine
the torque developed by the motor using the approximate equivalent circuit. What is
the starting torque developed by the motor?

16