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Link Layer
combination of hardware,
software, firmware network adapter
card
datagram datagram
controller controller
frame
otherwise
0 0
sender: receiver:
treat segment contents as compute checksum of
sequence of 16-bit received segment
integers check if computed
checksum: addition (1’s checksum equals checksum
complement sum) of field value:
segment contents NO - error detected
sender puts checksum YES - no error detected.
value into UDP But maybe errors
checksum field nonetheless?
D.2r
R = remainder[ ]
G
6-slot 6-slot
frame frame
1 3 4 1 3 4
time
frequency bands
FDM cable
node 2 2 2 2
node 3 3 3 3
C E C S E C E S S
Pros: Cons:
single active node can collisions, wasting slots
continuously transmit at idle slots
full rate of channel
nodes may be able to
highly decentralized: only detect collision in less
slots in nodes need to be
in sync than time to transmit
packet
simple clock synchronization
Link Layer 5-25
Slotted ALOHA: efficiency
!
prob that given node has at best: channel
success in a slot = p(1- used for useful
p)N-1 transmissions 37%
prob that any node has a of time!
success = Np(1-p)N-1
Link Layer 5-26
Pure (unslotted) ALOHA
unslotted Aloha: simpler, no synchronization
when frame first arrives
transmit immediately
collision probability increases:
frame sent at t0 collides with other frames sent in [t0-1,t0+1]
= p . (1-p)N-1 . (1-p)N-1
= p . (1-p)2(N-1)
= 1/(2e) = .18
efficiency goes to 1
as tprop goes to 0
as ttrans goes to infinity
better performance than ALOHA: and simple, cheap, decentralized! 1
efficiency
1 5t prop /ttrans
data
Link Layer 5-37
Cable access network
Internet frames,TV channels, control transmitted
downstream at different frequencies
cable headend
CMTS
…
splitter cable
cable modem … modem
termination system
Downstream channel i
CMTS
Upstream channel j
1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD
LAN
(wired or adapter
wireless)
71-65-F7-2B-08-53
58-23-D7-FA-20-B0
0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP
Eth
Phy
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP IP
Eth Eth
Phy Phy
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
IP
Eth
Phy
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.222
74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A
222.222.222.220
1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
switch
star
bus: coaxial cable
Link Layer 5-55
Ethernet frame structure
sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other
network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame
type
dest. source
preamble address address data CRC
(payload)
preamble:
7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one
byte with pattern 10101011
used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates
MAC protocol
application and frame format
transport
network 100BASE-TX 100BASE-T2 100BASE-FX
link 100BASE-T4 100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX
physical
A A A’
switch learns which hosts
can be reached through B
C’
which interfaces
when frame received, 6 1 2
switch “ learns”
location of sender: 5 4 3
incoming LAN segment
records sender/location B’ C
pair in switch table
A’
A A A’
frame destination, A’,
B
locaton unknown: flood C’
1
destination A location 6 2
known:selectively send A A’
5 4 3
on just one link B’ C
A’ A
A’
S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E
S4
S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E
IP subnet
school network
68.80.2.0/24
web page
router
IP datagram forwarded from
(runs DHCP) campus network into comcast
IP datagram containing DNS network, routed (tables created by
query forwarded via LAN RIP, OSPF, IS-IS and/or BGP
switch from client to 1st hop routing protocols) to DNS server
router demux’ed to DNS server
DNS server replies to client
with IP address of
www.google.com
Link Layer 5-77
A day in the life…TCP connection carrying HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
SYNACK
SYN TCP
SYNACK
SYN IP
SYNACK
SYN Eth
Phy