ORTHOGONAL

MATRICES AND
APPLICATIONS.
PRESENTED BY –
G VENKATA JAYA KRISHNA
228R1A0597
INTRODUCTION:
 The subject of matrices and their applications is of great
importance, for this branch of mathematics, perhaps more than any
other, has been applied to numerous diversified fields, namely, to
education, psychology.
 The orthogonal matrix is approached form the standpoint of vectors,
the subject of vectors and vector spaces being undertaken first.
 In linear algebra, an orthogonal matrix, is a real square matrix
whose columns and rows are orthonormal vectors.
 A square matrix A is orthogonal as to rows if and only if each row of
A has length one, and any two rows are orthogonal.
Some of the theorems relating to
orthogonal matrices:
 A matrix A is orthogonal if and only if A.AT=I.
 A matrix A is orthogonal if its inverse is the same as its transpose,
that is,
AT= A-1 .
 The transpose of an orthogonal matrix is orthogonal•
 The inverse of an orthogonal matrix is orthogonal .
 The product of the orthogonal n by n matrices A and B is
orthogonal.
Examples:
 Show that A = cos  sin  is orthogonal.
- sin  cos 
Sol: Given orthogonal A = cos  sin  is orthogonal.
- sin  cos 
Then, A ^ T = = cos  -sin 
sin  cos 
Consider A.A^ T= cos  sin  cos  -sin 
- sin  cos  sin  cos 
Therefore it will be equal to 1 0
0 1
Applications on orthogonal matrices:
 Computer graphics
 Physics
 Engineering
 Data analysis
 Data signal processing
 Image processing
 Medicine
 Computer graphics:
Orthogonal matrices are used to represent
transformations such as rotations,
translations and scaling in 3d graphics.
 Physics :
Orthogonal matrices are used in quantum
mechanics to describe the rotations of quantum
states .
Engineering
 Orthogonal matrices are widely used in engineering for
several purposes, including:
 1. Image Processing: Orthogonal matrices can be used to
represent rotations in image processing applications. By
rotating an image using an orthogonal matrix, the image
can be transformed to a different orientation.
 2. Robotics: In robotics, orthogonal matrices are used to
represent rotations in 3D space.
 3.control systems:-Orthogonal matrices are used in control
systems , particularly in design of orthogonal controllers ,
which are used to stabilize control systems.
 Data analysis:
Orthogonal matrices are used in principal
component analysis which is a commonly used
technique for dimensionality
reduction.
 Data signal processing :
These are used in (OFDM) ,a widely used
method for encoding digital data on
multiple carrier frequencies.
 Image processing:
Orthogonal matrices are used to perform
image rotations in computer vision.
 Medicine:
Partial Least Squares (PLS) is a wide class of regression methods
aiming at modelling relationships between sets of observed
variables by means of latent variables. Specifically, PLS2 was developed
to correlate two blocks of data, the X-block representing the independent
or explanatory variables and the Y-block representing the dependent
or response variables. Lately, OPLS was introduced to further reduce
model complexity by removing Y-orthogonal sources of variation from X
in the latent space, thus improving data interpretation through the
generated predictive latent variables.