MATHS PROJECT

MATRICES AND ITS

APPLICATION
 MATRIX
• Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions
arranged in rows and columns.
Example-
 SPECIAL MATRICES

COLUMN SQUARE
ROW MATRIX
MATRIX MATRIX
• Matrix with one row • Matrix with one • Matrix having equal
column rows and columns
•
Example - • Example- • Example-
 DIAGONAL UNIT NULL
MATRIX MATRIX MATRIX
• Square matrix all of whose • Diagonal matrix which • Matrix with all elements
elements except those in leading
diagonal are zero. has unity for all its as zero.
• Example- diagonal elements. • Example-
• Example-
 TRANSPOSE SYMMETRIC SKEW
SYMMETRIC
OF MATRIX MATRIX MATRIX
• Obtained by • Matrix is symmetric if • Matrix is skew
interchanging rows A=A` symmetric if A=-A`
and columns of matrix • Example- • Example-
• If A= Then A`=
 COMPLEX MATRICES
• CONJUGATE OF MATRIX. If the elements of a matrix are complex
numbers then matrix formed by replacing these complex numbers by their
conjugate is CONJUGATE of given matrix.(Ā)
• HERMITIAN MATRIX. A square matrix A such that A`=Ā is said to be
Hermitian matrix.
• SKEW HERMITIAN MATRIX. A square matrix A such that A`=- Ā is
said to be skew Hermitian matrix.
• UNITARY MATRIX. A square matrix U such that Ū`=U-1 is called unitary
matrix
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX INVERSE OF A MATRIX
 Adjoint of a matrix A is the transposed  If A be any matrix ,then a matrix B if
matrix of cofactors of A, exists , such that AB=BA=I , is called
 Example-if A= then Adj.A= Inverse of A
 Denoted as A-1
 A-1= Adj.A/
• RANK OF A MATRIX •  NORMAL FORM OF A MATRIX
A matrix is said to be of rank r Every non zero matrix of rank r , can
when be reduced by a sequence of
elementary transformations , to the
1. It has at least one non zero minor of
order r
form called the Normal form of
matrix,
2. And every minor of order higher than r
vanishes.
 Rank of any matrix A is denoted as
р(A).
 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
RANK OF MATRIX
• Consider a system of m linear equations containing n unknowns. A is
coefficient matrix and K is called Augmented
matrix.

A= K=
• Let p(A) and p(K) denotes the rank of matrix A and K
respectively . Then
p(A)≤p(K).
 If p(A)<p(K),then system of equation has no solution(i.e.
system is inconsistent).
 If p(A)=p(K)=number of unknowns,then system has unique
solution (and hence is consistent).
If p(A)=p(K)<number of unknowns ,then the system has
infinitely many solutions (and so is consistent).
 EIGEN VALUES
•  If A is any square matrix of order n, we can form a matrix A-λI,where I is
unit matrix. Then determinant of this matrix equated to zero gives a
equation called characteristics equation.

• The roots of this equation are called eigen values or latent roots or
characteristic roots of matrix A.
• Corresponding to each eigen value there exist an eigen vector.
 PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES
Any square matrix A and its transpose matrix A` have same eigen values.
The eigen values of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of matrix.
The eigen values of a diagonal matrix are just diagonal elements of the matrix.
The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is its trace i.e. the sum of its principal
diagonal elements.
The product of eigen values of matrix is equal to its determinant.
 If λ is an eigen value of a matrix A, then 1/λ is the eigen value of A-1.
If λ is eigen value of an orthogonal matrix ,then 1/λ is also its eigen value
If λ1,λ2,…,λn are eigen values of a matrix A, the Am has eigen values λ1m ,λ2m ,…..,λnm.
 REDUCTION TO DIAGONAL FORM

• If a square matrix A of order n has n linearly independent

eigen vectors ,then a matrix P can be found such that P-1AP
is a diagonal matrix.
• The diagonal matrix has the eigen values of A as its
diagonal elements.
• The matrix P ,which diagonalises A ,constitutes the eigen
vectors of A.
 REDUCTION OF QUADRATIC FORM TO
CANONICAL FORM
• A homogeneous expression of second degree in any number of variables is
called a quadratic form. For example if

Here X`AX represents a quadratic form.

• The matrix A can be reduced to diagonal matrix having eigen values
λ1,λ2,λ3 as its diagonal elements using a matrix P such that P-1AP=D.
• Then the canonical form will be λ1x2+λ2 y2+λ3 z2 .
APPLICATION OF
MATRICES
 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• Computer graphics use matrices to process linear transformations to translate
images.Matrices are uses to project 3D images into 2D planes.In
graphics,digital images can be treated as a matrix.The rows and columns of
matrix corresponds to rows and columns of pixel and the numerical entries
corresponds to the pixels color values.Using matrix to manipulate a point is
common mathematical approach in video gaming graphics.
• Matrices are also used to express graphs.Every graph can be represented as a
matrix where each row and column of matrix is node and value of their
intersection is the strength of connection between them.matrix operations such
as translation,rotation and sealing are used in graphics.For transformation of a
point we use a equation
TRANSFORMATION POINT=TRANSFORMATION MATRIX *ORIGINAL
POINT
 CRYPTOGRAPHY
• Cryptography is the technique to encrypting data so that only the relevant person
can get the data and related information. The encrypting is done using an
invertible key ,without this the encrypted data cannot be unencrypted i.e.
converted to useful or original form.This is done by using matrices as any
information is first converted into matrix form.e.g.A represents original
message ,B is invertible key and X is encrypted information.Without B and B-1
information cannot be unencrypted which the end user should have in order to
access the data.

Message encrypted User End

 IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
• Matrices are used to model the wireless signals and to optimize them.For
detection, extraction and processing of information embedded in
signals ,matrices are used. They are used in sensor array signal processing
and design of adaptive filter.
• Sensor array signal processing focuses on signal enumeration and source
location applications and presents a huge importance in many domains
such as radar signals and underwater surveillance.
 IN MATHEMATICAL MODELING
• Mathematical modeling is an art of translating problems from an
application area into tractable mathematical formulations whose
theoretical and numerical analysis provides insight ,answers ,and guidance
useful for original application. Matrices and its concepts are also used in
this field.
• Example-Consider a sample space of 300 people living in a town .Due to
spread of an infectious disease half of the population got infected, and
now the town is quarantined. Let 20% of healthy people(H) gets infected
daily while 10% of infected(I) recovers, then it can be predicted using
mathematical tools that what will
happen in long run.
•  No. of healthy people at any jth day, Hj= .8*(Hi)+ .1*(Ii) (where i=f-1)
• No. of infected people at any jth day, Ij = .2*(Hi)+ .9*(Ii)
This information can be represented in the form of matrix equation(MARKOV
MATRIX) =
 is a vector while is a transormati
on matrix.So,during long run the value of normal
and infected people will approach 100 and
200 respectively as vector will move closer
To eigen vector on successive transformations.
 OTHER APPLICATIONS

Matrices are an important mathematical tool in solving complex electrical

circuits.
Matrices are also used in realistic looking motion on a two dimensional
computer screen and calculations in algorithm that create google page
ranking
Various errors in electronic transmissions are identified and corrected with
the use of matrices
Matrices Cramer rule and determinants are simple and important tools for
solving many problems in business and economics related to maximizing
profit and minimizing loss
Movement of robots are programmed with the calculations of matrices
rows and columns
THANK YOU