INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 2
COMPUTER DEVICES – PART 2
 Central Processing Unit
• A central processing unit
(CPU) is the electronic
circuitry within a
computer that carries out
the instructions of a
computer program by
performing the basic
arithmetic, logical, control
and input/output (I/O)
operations specified by
the instructions.
 Central Processing Unit
• Complex set of
electronic circuitry
• Executes stored program
instructions
• Two parts
– Control unit
– Arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU)
Control Unit
 Control Unit
• Directs the computer system to execute stored
program instructions
• Must communicate with memory and ALU
• Sends data and instructions from secondary
storage to memory as needed
Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Executes all arithmetic and logical operations
• Arithmetic operations
– Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
• Logical operations
– Compare numbers, letters, or special characters
– Tests for one of three conditions
• Equal-to condition
• Less-than condition
• Greater-than condition
 Storage Device
• A piece of computer equipment on which information
can be stored.
• A storage device refers to a computing hardware used
to store information permanently or temporarily.
• The device can be external or internal to a computer,
server, and other computing systems.
• Storage devices are also known as storage medias or
storage medium.
 Storage Device
• Two types of storage:
– Primary storage (main memory)
• Stores data temporarily
• CPU refers to it for both program instructions and data
– Secondary storage
• Long-term storage
• Stored on external medium, such as a disk
Storage Device
 Storage Device
• Two types of storage:
– Primary storage (memory)
• Stores data temporarily
• CPU refers to it for both program instructions and data
– Secondary storage
• Long-term storage
• Stored on external medium, such as a disk
 Primary Storage - Memory
• Also known as primary storage and main
memory
– Often expressed as random-access memory (RAM)
– Not part of the CPU
• Holds data and instructions for processing
• Stores information only as long as the
program is in operation
 The CPU and Memory
• CPU cannot process data from disk or input device
– It must first reside in memory
– Control unit retrieves data from disk and moves it into
memory
• Items sent to ALU for processing
– Control unit sends items to ALU, then sends back to
memory after processing
• Data and instructions held in memory until sent to an
output or storage device or program is shut down
 Secondary Storage
• Auxiliary memory, also
known as auxiliary
storage, secondary
storage, secondary
memory or external
memory, is a non-volatile
memory that is not
directly accessible by the
CPU, because it is not
accessed via the
input/output channels
 Secondary Storage
• Separate from the computer itself
• Software and data stored on a sem-permanent
basis
– Unlike memory, not lost when power is lost
• Benefits
Difference between Primary storage and secondary storage

- Primary memory storages are temporary; where as the

secondary storage is permanent.

- Primary memory is expensive and smaller, where as secondary

memory is cheaper and larger

- Primary memory storages are faster, where as secondary

storages are slower.

- Primary memory storages are connected through data buses to

CPU, where as the secondary storages are connect through data
cables to CPU
 Benefits of Secondary Storage
Space
Store a roomful of data on disks
smaller than the size of a breadbox
– Diskette contains equivalent of 500
printed pages
– Optical disk can hold equivalent of
500 books
Reliability
Data in secondary storage is
relatively safe
– Secondary storage is highly reliable
– More difficult for untrained people
to tamper with data stored on disk
Convenience
Authorized users can easily and
quickly locate data stored on the
computer
Economy
Several factors create significant
savings in storage costs
– Less expensive to store data on disks
than to buy and house filing cabinets
– Reliable and safe data is less
expensive to maintain
– Greater speed and convenience in
filing and retrieving data
 Type of secondary storage
1. Magnetic Disk Storage
2. Optical Disk Storage
3. Magnetic Tape Storage
 1. Magnetic disk storage
• Data represented as magnetized spots on
surface of spinning disk
– Spots on disk converted to electrical impulses
• Primary types
– Diskettes
– Hard Disks
1. Magnetic disk storage – diskette

• Made of flexible Mylar and

coated with iron oxide
• Has protection of rigid plastic
jacket
• 3 ½” diskette holds 1.44 MB of
data
• High-capacity variations
– Sony’s HiFD holds 200 MB
– Imation’s SuperDisk available in
120 and 240 MB versions
– Iomega’s Zip drive available in
100, 250, and 750 MB versions
 1. Magnetic disk storage – hard disk
• Rigid platter coated with
magnetic oxide
– Several can be combined into a
disk pack
• Disk drive - a device that
allows data to be read from
or written to a disk
– Disk drive for personal
computers contained within
computer housing
– Large computer systems may
have several external disk
drives
 1. Magnetic disk storage – hard disk
• Sealed modules that
mount in a 3 ½” bay
• Capacity in gigabytes
• Accessing files much
faster than accessing
files on diskettes
• Some contain
removable cartridges
– Iomega’s Jaz drive is very
popular
 2. Optical Disk Storage
• Provides inexpensive and compact storage with
greater capacity
• Laser scans disk and picks up light reflections from
disk surface
• Categorized by read/write capability
– Read-only media - user can read from, but not write to
disk
– Write-once, read-many (WORM) - user can write to disk
once
– Magneto-optical - combines magnetic and optical
capabilities
 2. Optical Disk Storage -Compact Disks
• CD-ROM (read only memory) -
drive can only read data from CDs
– CD-ROM stores up to 700 MB per disk
– Primary medium for software
distribution
• CD-R(recordable) - drive can write
to disk once
– Disk can be read by CD-ROM or CD-R
drive
• CD-RW(re-write) - drive can erase
and record over data multiple
times
– Some compatibility problems trying to
read CD-RW disks on CD-ROM drives
2. Optical Disk Storage - Digital Versatile Disk
(DVD)
• Short wavelength laser can
read densely packed spots
– DVD drive can read CD-
ROMs
– Capacity up to 17GB
– Allows for full-length movies
– Sound is better than on
audio CDs
• Several versions of
writable and rewritable
DVDs exist
 3. Magnetic Tape Storage
• Tape similar to tape
used in music cassettes
• Categorized in terms of
density
– Number of bits per inch
stored on tape
• Used primarily for
backup of data stored
on disk systems
 Communication Devices
• A communication devices
is piece of equipment or
hardware designed to
move information or data
from one place to
another, allowing one
computer device to
communicate with
another.
• Such as modem, router or
wifi.
 Communication Devices examples
1. Bluetooth devices
2. Infrared devices
3. Modem (over phone line)
4. Network card (using Ethernet)
5. Smartphone
6. Wi-Fi devices (using a Wi-Fi router) (examples
shown below)
 Communication Devices examples
1. Bluetooth devices
• Bluetooth is a computing and
telecommunications industry
specification that describes how
devices such as mobile phones,
computers, or personal digital
assistants can communicate with
each other.
• Bluetooth is an RF (radio frequency)
technology that operates at 2.4 GHz,
has an effective range of 32-feet (10
meters) (this range can change
depending on the power class), and
has a transfer rate of 1 Mbps and
throughput of 721 Kbps.
 Communication Devices examples
2. Infrared devices
• Method of transferring data
without the use of wires. A
common example of an infrared
(Ir) device is a TV remote.
• However, infrared is also used
with computers and devices like
a cordless keyboard or mouse.
• The picture is an example of the
Nintendo Wii remote and an
example of an infrared device.
 Communication Devices examples
3. Modem (over phone line)
• Short for MODulator /DEModulator,
a Modem is a hardware device that
allows a computer to send and
receive information over telephone
lines by converting digital data into
an analog signal used on phone
lines.
• A Modem or Broadband Modem is a
hardware device that connects a
computer or router to a broadband
network. For example, a Cable
Modem and DSL Modem are two
examples of these types of Modems.
 Communication Devices examples
4. Network card (using Ethernet)
• Short for Network Interface Card,
the NIC is also referred to as an
Ethernet card and network adapter.
It is an expansion card that enables
a computer to connect to a
network; such as a home network,
or the Internet using an Ethernet
cable with an RJ-45 connector.
• Due to the popularity and low cost
of the Ethernet standard, most new
computers have a network
interface build directly into the
motherboard.
 Communication Devices examples
5. Smartphone
• A smartphone is a cell phone that allows
you to do more than just make phone
calls and send text messages.
Smartphones can browse the Internet
and run basic software programs like a
computer.
• Smartphones use a touch screen to
allow users to interact with them. There
are thousands of smartphone apps
(software programs), including games,
personal-use, and business-use
programs that can all run on the phone.
• The picture is an example of the Apple
iPhone, one of the most popular
smartphones available today.
 Communication Devices examples
6. Wi-Fi devices (using a Wi-Fi router)
(examples shown below)
• Short for Wireless Fidelity, Wi-Fi utilizes
one of the IEEE 802.11 wireless
standards to achieve a wireless
connection to a network.
• A home wireless network uses a
wireless access point or router to
broadcast a signal using WAP or WEP
encryption to send and receive signals
from wireless devices on the network.
• The picture shows a Wireless access
point with two antennas and an
example of how most home users
connect to the Internet using a wireless
device.
 QUIZ 4
1. Define what is CPU
2. State component of CPU
3. Define what is storage
4. List type of storage with example

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