6)Compound words, blends

and phrasal words.

Compound versus phrases

 In this chapter we will look at the compounds, that’s words formed by root, and
much
 smaller category of {phrasal words} it’s the item that have the internal structure of
phrases
 but function as words.
 Complex words have contained at least one bound morpheme. Roots in English
are mostly
 free rather than bound
 How can we differentiate between compound and phrases?
 Simply, the distinction between compound and phrases. 1-
 Consider the expressions like: green house, with a literal
 meaning, and a greenhouse, meaning a glass structure. (not
 usually green in color)
 2- there’s a difference meaning in the first expression the
 main strees is in house, second stress is on green.
 Examples: 1) black bóard (board that is black)
 bláckboard(board for writing on)
 2- White hóuse (house that is white)
 (the) WhíteHouse (residence of the us president).
Compound Verbs

 A compound verb is a verb that is made up of multiple words. The compound

verb can take on such forms as:
 A prepositional verb
 A phrasal verb
 A verb with auxiliaries
 A compound single-word verb.
Verbs forms

 Verbs formed by compounding are much less usual than verbs derived by affixation.
Nevertheless, a variety of types exist which may be distinguished according to their structure:
 verb–verb (VV): for example (stir-fry, freeze-dry)
 noun–verb (NV): for example (hand-wash, air-condition, steam-clean)
 adjective–verb (AV):for example (dry-clean, whitewash)
 preposition–verb (PV): for example(underestimate, outrun, overcook )

 Only the PV type is really common, however, and some compounds with (under-, over- and
out) do not need to be classed as lexical items. For example, “Out” can create a transitive
verb meaning ‘outdo in Xing’ from any verb denoting a competitive or potentially
competitive activity . outsail, outsing, outswim), while new words with over- can also be
created freely (e.g. overpolish, overcriticise, overbleach).
Compound adjectives
BY: RAWAN YEHIA
ID: 20196350
 Compound adjectives
 What is a compound adjective?
It is an adjective that contains two or more words joined by a hyphen (-).
they appear before a noun and act a single idea ( adjective) that describes something.
We do not put a hyphen between two adjectives
she has a big-blue book
She has a big blue book ( correct one )
Think?

 I saw a man-eating alligator

 I saw a man eating alligator

 First one, we joined man and eating to create a compound adjective

 Second one, it was talking about the man who was eating alligator
 So, Hyphen is so important to create a compound adjective.
Adjectives derived from adjectives

 The only suffix is -ish- meaning of somewhat

 Ex: greenish, remotsh.
 The prefix un- can be prefixed to all adjectives .
 We can not find ungood with the meaning (bad)
 It is worth noting the existence of pairs of more or les synonymous adjectives
with –un- and – in-
 Ex: eatable/ uneatable edible/ inedible
With-
 Lawful/unlawful Un-
tangible/ intangible
Adjectives derived from members of other
word classes
 A not very interesting book
 The party-goes sounded very drunk
 The modifier very show that interesting and drunk are adjectives
 Suffixes that commonly from adjectives from verbs
 Ex: -ful- joyful, hopeful, helpful
 -less- joyless, hopeless, helpless
 -al- original, normal, personal
 -ish- boyish, selfish
 Compound Nouns :It is with nouns that compounding really comes
into its own as a word forming process in English.

These changes therefore generate new vocabulary needs that (despite

the reservations about semantic definitions for word classes) are more
readily answered by new nouns than by new verbs or adjectives.
Examples:
- verb–noun (VN): swearword, drophammer, playtime.
- noun–noun (NN): hairnet, mosquito net, butterfly net, hair restorer.
- adjective–noun (AN): blackboard, greenstone, faintheart.
- preposition–noun (PN): in-group, outpost, overcoat.
All of these have the main stress on the left – a characteristic identified
for distinguishing compound nouns from
noun phrases
 Any pair of nouns can be juxtaposed in English so as to form
a compound or a phrase – provided that there is something that this
compound or phrase could plausibly mean.

Verbs, unlike most nouns and adjectives, impose expectations and

requirements on the noun that accompany them in the sentence.

Example:

with the verb sleep we expect to find one noun phrase as subject; with
eat we expect to find also a noun phrase as object; or at least to be able
to identify from the context, a third ‘indirect object’ noun phrase
denoting the recipient of the gift.
 It is time to introduce some terminology :

1-Primary or root compound; The term ‘root compound’ is well

established but not particularly appropriate, because primary
compounds include many, such as climbing equipment or fitness
campaigner.

2- secondary or verbal compound; s are certainly right-headed, in that

(for example) crime prevention denotes a kind of prevention and wish-
fulfilment denotes a kind of fulfilment.
Headed and Headless
Compounds
English has two kinds of compounds. Headed and headless
compounds behave differently.
Blends and Acronyms

Blends
 Process of blending involves joining two words together by taking Parts of both
words and combining the parts into a new whole .The result of process ,known as
“blend”.
 Examples:
Breakfast + lunch = brunch
Smoke+ fog =smog
Gasoline + alcohol =gasohol
Acronyms

 Acronyms are new words formed from the initial lettres of a set of other words.
 These can be forms such as CD (“compact disk”) where the pronounciation
consists of saying each separate letter.
 Blends made up of initial letters are known as acronyms, of which well-known
examples are NATO (for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), ANZAC (for
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps), RAM (for random access memory),
SCSI (pronounced scuzzy, from small computer systems interface), and AIDS
(from acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Intermediate between an acronym
and a blend is sonar (from sound navigation and ranging).these acronyms are
pronounced as a new word.