Machine Design II

Instructor: Dr. Saad Nawaz

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Course Outline + Books

Mechanical Springs: Introduction to several types of springs. The terminology used for helical compression, helical extension, helical torsion and Belleville spring.
Spring Materials for above four types. Stresses and Deflection in springs for above four types. Design of helical compression, extension and torsion springs for
static and fatigue loading. Design of Belleville spring for static loading. Bearings: Introduction to several types of rolling-element bearings. Failure of rolling-
element bearings. Selection or rolling-element bearings. Rolling-element bearing mounting details. Introduction to lubricants and sliding contact bearings. Types
of lubrications. Hydrodynamic lubrication theory. Materials for sliding contact bearings. Design of sliding contact bearings. Gears: Introduction to several types of
gears. Nomenclature of the gear tooth. Conjugate action and Involute properties. Interference and undercutting. Determination of gear tooth and gear mesh
parameters. Gear manufacturing. Geometry and nomenclature of Spur, Helical, Bevel and Worm gears. Force analysis of Spur, Helical, Bevel and Worm gears.
Stress and Strength equations for Spur, Helical, Bevel and Worm gears. Analysis and Design of gear mesh for Spur, Helical, Bevel and Worm gears. Clutches and
Brakes: Introduction to several types of clutches and brakes. Clutch and brake materials. Static Analysis of clutches and brakes. Design of Disk clutches. Design of
Disk and Drum Brakes. Coupling. Flywheels.

Recommended Books

Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach. R. L. Norton

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design. R. G. Budynas and J. K. Nisbett
Machine Elements in Mechanical Design. R. L. Mott
Design of Machine Elements. M. F. Spotts, T. E. Shoup and L. E. Horberger
Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore
List of CLOs Mapped with PLOs
ME 322 Machine Design II (6th Semester)
# Course Learning Outcomes Domain Level Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

To design different types of springs under the  

effect of static and fatigue loading
  C-3
1     3                

To design different types of bearings.    

3
   
C-3                    
2  
 
To design spur, helical, bevel and worm gears    

3 C-3     3              

To design clutches, brakes, flywheels and couplings    

 
4 C-3     3              

PLO3: Design/Development of Solutions: An ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design systems, components, or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public
health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore
 Spring

The elastic body which deflects under the application of load and restores original shape by removal of
force is called as spring.
 Produce a pull, a push, or a twist (torque) force when displaced.

 Store or absorb energy.

 May be made of round or rectangular wire bent into a suitable form such as a coil, or made of flat stock loaded as a beam

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Types of Springs
Common Applications:

Helical Compression Springs: Valves return based engines, Die springs between moulding plates, shocks

Helical extension springs: bike stand, door closing mechanism

Torsion springs: main gate, girls hair catcher, clip boards, mouse traps

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Types of Springs
Push Function
Push function is provided by helical compression springs, spring washers, volute springs, and beam springs.

 Helical Compression Springs: Used in applications involving large deflections, such as shock absorbers in
automobiles or to hold batteries in consumer products. Used in valve-return springs in engine, die springs etc

 Conical Springs: Spring rate is nonlinear. By varying coil pitch, a nearly constant spring rate can be obtained.
Advantage is the ability to close to a height as small as one wire diameter if the coils nest.

 Barrel/Hourglass/Variable Pitch Springs: Can be thought of a two conical springs back to back, also having a
nonlinear spring rate. Barrel hourglass and variable pitch springs are used to minimize resonant surging and vibration.

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Push Function
• Spring Washers: Used for small deflections associated with motion along a bolt or other guide. Used to load
something axially, such as to take up endplay on a bearing.
•
Volute Springs: Can be used for damping and also to resist buckling. Very expensive. Shear cutter for trimming, and
has significant friction and hysteresis (significant energy loss)

• Beam Springs: Can be used to push or pull. Examples are diving boards. Spring rate and stress distribution can be
controlled with changes in beam width or depth along its length. Loads can be high but deflections are limited.

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Pull Function
Pull function is provided by helical extension springs and constant force springs.

• Helical Extension Springs: Capable of large deflection. Used in door closers and counterbalances, automobile wiper
blades, children’s car seats and car hoods. Hooks more highly stressed than coils and usually fail first. When hook
fails this spring becomes unsafe.

 Constant-force spring used for counterbalancing loads, returning typewriter carriages, and to make constant-torque
spring motors. It provides very large deflection strokes at a nearly constant pull force (zero spring rate).

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Twisting Function
Twisting function is provided by helical torsion springs and power springs springs (coils in the same plane).

Helical Torsion Springs: Used for garage-door counter balancers and counterbalancing of such things as doors which
rotate about a horizontal edge. Clothespins, mousetraps and finger exercisers are examples.

Motor, Clock or Power Springs: Used to supply rotational energy and used in wind up clocks and
mechanical toys.

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Spring Rate
Every spring configuration has a spring rate, k, defined as slope of its force-deflection curve.
If slope is constant, it is a linear spring, and k =F/y
Where: F is applied force, and y is deflection.
When spring rate varies with deflection, it is called a nonlinear spring.
We often want a linear spring to control loading.
Many spring configurations have constant spring rates and few have zero rates (constant force).

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

When multiple springs are combined, resulting spring rate depends on whether they are combined in series or
parallel.
Springs in series have same force passing through them, as each contributes to total deflection .

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Springs in parallel have same deflection, and total force is split among them . For springs in parallel, individual
spring rates add directly

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Spring Materials

The ideal spring material should have

 High ultimate strength
 High yield point
 Low modulus of elasticity

For dynamically loaded springs, fatigue strength properties of the material are of prime importance.

 Medium to high carbon steels, alloy steels are common materials despite high modulus of elasticity
 Stainless steel is also suitable

Light duty springs are made of cold drawn, round or rectangular wire or of thin, cold-rolled, flat strip stock.

Heavy duty springs, such as vehicle suspension parts, are typically made from hot-rolled or forged form.

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Spring Wire
Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore
Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore
Flat spring stock

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore
THANK YOU

Mechanical Engineering Department, New Campus, UET Lahore