AL C

Internet Overview

K.K.Dhupar
SDE(DX), ALTTC

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 1
 AL C Internet : An Overview

 Introduction to Internet
 Various Internet Services
 TCP/IP Architecture
 Naming and Addressing
 Internet Protocol
 User Datagram Protocol
 Transmission Control
Protocol
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 2
 AL C Internet : An Overview

• By 1967 the Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA ) of US

DoD had implemented a pilot network(ARPANET)
- used mini-computer based packet switches to connect Universities
and Defence agencies
- by 1973 available across America
- by 1977 more than 100 nodes in US and Europe
• In 1983 ARPAnet split into the Internet and Milnet

• 1975: TCP/IP implemented

• 1992 : Internet Host exceeded 1 million
• 1993 : The InterNIC was created to provide internet services and
WWW appeared
• 1994 : Internet commercialized
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 3
 AL C
Network Classifications
Distance
 Home Area Network (HAN) - 10 meters
 Local Area Network (LAN) - 10 km (typical 3 km)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - DQDB, FDDI 10 km to 50 km
 Wide Area Network (WAN) - Across Wide Areas > 10 km
Data Switching/ Transfer
Switched Network
 Circuit Switched Network (PSTN, CSDN)
 Packet Switched Network (X.25, Frame Relay)
 Cell Switched Network (ATM)

Broadcast Network
Packet Radio Network, Satellite
CATV
Shared LAN (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI)
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 4
 AL C
Network Classifications
High-Speed Data Network Technologies

Speed (Mbps)
• 1000 Gigabit
• 800 Ethernet
• 600
• 150 ATM
• 100 Fast Ethernet FDDI DQDB
• 45
• 10 Ethernet Frame Relay
• 64k Token Ring X.25
 Local  MAN  Wide  Global
Distance

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 5
 AL C What is Internet ?
• Internet : A Window to global information
super highway==>Sea of Information
• The global, interconnected networks which use TCP/IP protocols.
• A Network of Networks !! The networks/ computers operating in
different environments are knitted to the Internet by a common
communication protocol suite, namely, Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) to provide the various
application services
• Services on Internet :
E-mail, Usenet(News), WWW , FTP ,
Telnet, Gopher , Archie , Veronica
• Internet Includes :Govt.(.gov),Military(.mil), Business(.com),
Groups(.org),Schools(.edu)
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 6
 AL C What is Internet ?
14 7 2

Internet
Every machine
transparently connected
to every other

1472

More than300 million people have internet

access today, that includes some of you.
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 7
 AL C Internet connection types

1. Local LAN to Internet

Internet
LAN
R IG O H

RIGOH

Router M L/L

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 8
 AL C Internet connection types
2. Host Computer to Internet

L/L
R IG O H

Internet
DSU/M

14 7 2 1472 14 72

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 9
 AL C Internet connection types
3. PC to Internet
•PSTN Max. Speed 33kbps
•ISDN Max. Speed 64/128kbps

R IG O H
PSTN ISP Internet
/ ISDN
Modem
Windows
Web browser
(Netscape, Explorer)

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 10
 AL C Internet connection in India
Internet
165 Mbps
VSNL//BSNL
/MTNL/ Pvt ISPs R

RAS RAS G/W 64Kbps

33Kbps 64/128Kbps 2Mbps

PSTN ISDN Inet

LAN
PSTN
9.6 Kbps
M M NT/TA M

PCs
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 11
 AL C
Internet Services
• What is E-mail?
- provides a simple and friendly environment for sending and receiving message
- mail addresses
user ID@domain name => alttc@bsnl.in

• What is TELNET?
- allows a person at one site to work on a computer at another site
- Internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service
- one must have ones account in remote computer
- TELNET exposes you to the commands and programs of the remote host

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 12
 AL C Internet Services
• What is Usenet(Network News) ?
-a collection of electronic magazines (newsgroups)
-over 15,000 newsgroups
-a user can submit articles on any topic and read articles submitted from any
sites all over the world
News
Server News News
Server Server

News
Reader News News
Server Server

News System
1472

User
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 13
 AL C Internet Services

WWW (World Wide Web)

• Wide area hypermedia information retrieval service
• web browser : Netscape, Explorer, Mosaic..
- consistence mouse-driven graphical interface
- surfing hypertext and hypermedia documents using hypermedia links
- display text, sounds, images, movies, 3D worlds using URL(Uniform
Resource Locator)
- supports for the other network services : FTP, Gopher, Telnet, News etc

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 14
 AL C Internet Services
WWW service configuration
WWW server
with HTTP : HyperText Transfer Protocol

2. Query
3. Result
1. Request
Internet
14 7 2

4. Response Database Engine

WWW browser

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 15
 AL C Internet Services
Web surfing basics
• A collection of web pages is known as a web sites
• A home page is the starting point for a web site
• Each web page, including home page, has a unique address called a URL
• Connection to other pages by clicking text or graphics called hyperlinks
- Hyperlinks are underlined or bordered words and graphics that have web
addresses embedded in them
• Input URL (or IP address)
• Use Bookmark (Favorites)
- to remember web pages you would like to visit again
• Use Searching Tools
- Net Search opens a page that contains internet search tools
- Alta Vista, Excite, Infoseek, Google, Magellan, Yahoo ..

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 16
 AL C Internet : An Overview
What is the “Web”?
Web Browsers <== Internet ==> Web Servers
• Secret of the Internet: Clients & Servers:
Web Browsers: Web Clients
• A simple, inexpensive, graphical front end for Internet
access, easily available
• A consistent, easy to use, open ended, interactive
information service.
• Clients are programs that you use to access those resources
Web Servers: Web Sites
• A constantly evolving library of information that can be accessed by anyone
• Servers are programs that provide resources
• Search Engines
• Internet: An open worldwide access and transport system
• Internet was constructed so client programs ( which you use) can talk to
server programs ( which provide resources)
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 17
 AL C What is TCP/ IP , PPP & POP ?
• TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
divides the message into a number of packets. Each packets is
marked a sequence no., the address of the recipient and address of the
sender. In addition TCP inserts error control inf.
• The job of IP to transport them to the remote host.
• At the other end TCP receives the packets and checks for errors &
thereafter reconstructs the original message.
• The job of TCP is to manage the flow & ensure the data is
correct
• The job of IP is to get the raw data - the packets - from one place to
another

• PPP : Point to Point Protocol used to support a TCP/IP connection over a

phone line
• POP : Post Office Protocol used by a mail client program and a mail
server
ALTTC/DX/ KKD program to communicate with one another 18
 AL C How the Internet Works?
Client Protocols Server
Internet
Browser Browser
TCP TCP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
IP IP
O/S (DOS, Win3.1,Win95, NT,Unix) O/S
Hardware
• Client Server transaction between Hardware
Browser & Web Server using HTTP
Client Protocols Server

E-mail SMTP Mail

Gopher Gopher Gopher
FTP FTP FTP
Web Browser HTTP Web
Telnet Telnet Telnet
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 19
 AL C
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and the OSI Model
Application TELNET FTP SMTP DNS SNMP DHCP
Presentation
Session RIP
BGP

Transport RTP Transmission User Datagram

OSPF
RTCP Control Protocol Protocol

IGMP ICMP

Network Internet Protocol

ARP

Datalink
Physical Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring FDDI

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 1 20
 AL C TCP/IP Internet Protocol
 Physical layer

The physical layer deals with physical media , connector , and the signals
that represent 0s and 1s.
for example, Ethernet network interface cards (NIC) and cables implement
physical layer functions.

 Datalink layer
Data is organized into units called frames.

Frame Header
Frame Trailer
Address Information Error detection
& Control

FRAME

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 21
 AL C TCP/IP Internet Protocol
 Network layer - IP

- The internet protocol performs network layer functions.

- IP routes data between systems.
- Data is carried in units called datagrams.
- The IP layer is called connectionless because every datagram is routed
independently and IP does not guarantee reliable or in sequence delivery of
datagrams
I P Header
Dest. ip address Information
Sorc. ip address

DATAGRAM

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 22
 AL C TCP/IP Internet Protocol
 Transport layer - TCP

- TCP provides reliable data connection services to application.

- TCP contains the mechanisms that guarantee that data is delivered error-free
without omission , and in-sequence.
- TCP adds a header , forming a unit that is called a segment.
- TCP sends and receives data called segment
- Passes Data to right application
- TCP is connection-oriented communication service.
 Transport layer - UDP

- UDP adds a header , forming a unit called a UDP datagram or UDP message.
- UDP is connectionless communication service.
- UDP is used to send isolated messages between applications

 Application Services

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 23
 AL C Where to use TCP/IP?

Point-
to-
Point
Local
Area
Net-
work Wide
Area
Packet
Network

TCP/ IP on standalone LANs and WANs

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 24
 AL C Where to use TCP/IP?

Router

Point-to-Point Link

Router
Local
Area
Net- Router Wide
work Area
Packet
Network

Creating an internet with IP routers

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 25
 AL C Internet Protocol

ROUTER

Internet Protocol

Network Interfaces

Network Network Network

A B C

IP Router Protocol Architecture

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 26
 AL C TCP / IP Suite Components

USER INTERFACE

WWW NEWS FTP SMTP Telnet NFS DNS SNMP

TCP UDP
End-to-end connection Single messages

I P
Route datagrams

Underlying Communications

Ethernet Token- FDDI HDLC Frame PPP ATM

Ring Relay

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 27
 AL C C. NETWORK TOPOLOGY

 Stand-alone networks

Point -to - Point

Local
Area Packet
Network Network

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 28
 AL C Gluing networks together with routers

Router
Point -to - Point

Local
Area Packet
Router Router
Network Network

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 29
 AL C WAN Connectivity: Internet
ISDN Lines ---

172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 network

E0

172.20.0.0 network
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 30
 AL C WAN Connectivity: Internet
Point to Point Serial Lines -Leased Line Connectivity
L/L - PPP, HDLC

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 31
 AL C WAN Connectivity: Internet
Packet Switched Services NBMA

Frame Relay
/ ATM
Using PVC or SVC

Packet Switched Networks are Multi - Access,

so are useful for connecting multiple sites
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 32
 AL C

 Maximum Transmission Unit(MTU)

- The Maximum datagram size for a medium is called the MTU

MTU =
Max frame size - frame header size - frame trailer size - link layer header size

- Each LAN and WAN technology imposes a different size limit on its frames.

- A datagram has to fit inside a frame, and so the maximum frame size restricts
the size of the datagrams that IP can send across a medium.

Example : MTU for 802.3

DIX Ethernet: 1500 octets
- Maximum frame size :1518 octets
802.3 Ethernet : 1492 octets
- Mac Header and Trailer : 18
octets - LLC and SNAP Header : 8 FDDI : 4352 octets
octets - MTU : 1492 octets
ATM: 9180 octets

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 33
 AL C

 IP Datagram (IPv4)
0 1 2 3
0123456789 0123456789 012345678901
Header Precedence Type
Version Length of service
Length of datagram

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to live Protocol Header Checksum

SOURCE IP ADDRESS

DESTINATION IP ADDRESS
Options

D A T A

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 34
 AL C User Datagram protocol
 UDP protocol mechanism

 UDP has been assigned its unique protocol identifier 17. This number is placed
in the IP protocol field of outgoing UDP messages . Incoming messages with
17 in the IP protocol field are delivered to UDP

 UDP forms a messages by adding a simple header to application data

This header contains the source and destination port numbers.

- UDP header

Source port Destination port

Length Checksum

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 35
 AL C Transmission Control protocol
 TCP concepts

Application
Send Receive Application
Send Receive
TCP
TCP
I P
I P

Full duplex service

Appilcations exchanging streams of data

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 36
 Transmission Control protocol
AL C

 The TCP Segment

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Source Port Destination Port

Sequence number

Acknowledgement number

Hlen Reserved Flags Window

Checksum Urgent Pointer

Options

D A T A

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 37
 AL C Port Number & Protocol Number
TELNET FTP DNS TFTP
23 21 53 69

Port Port

TCP UDP

TCP(6) UDP(17)

IP layer

datalink layer
Ethernet Token Ring FDDI
ALTTC/DX/ KKD 38
 AL C Internet Routing Protocols

Building Routing Tables

Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)

Routing Information Protocol Version 1
RIP Version 2
Open Short Path First (OSPF)

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP 4)
Inter Domain Routing Protocol (IDRP)

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 39
 AL C

ALTTC/DX/ KKD 40