ANGIOSPERMS

(Gk.angion=hidden; sperma=seed)

• Flowering and seed bearing plants.

• They have seeds that are enclosed in fruits.

• They form the dominant vegetation of the earth at present.

• They enrich the earth with unmatched beauty, colour and scent.

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 ANGIOSPERMS

• Seeds producing plants.

• Their seeds are secured within an

enclosure. They are fruiting plants.

• They are known as flowering plants.

• They are the most diverse group of land

plants.

• They produce seeds 3

 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ANGIOSPERMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

•Flowers

•Endosperm within the seeds

•Production of fruits

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 A TYPICAL
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FLOWERING PLANT
 PARTS OF A FLOWERING PLANT
The parts of a flowering plant are
characterized by two basic systems:
a root system and a shoot system.
These two systems are connected by
vascular tissue that runs from the root
through the shoot.
The root system enables flowering plants
to obtain water and nutrients from the soil.
The shoot system allows plants
to reproduce and to obtain food through
photosynthesis. 6
Another component of the shoot system of a
flowering plant is the FLOWER.
The flower is responsible for seed
development and reproduction.
The flower has four main parts:
•sepals
•Petals
•Stamens
•Carpels.
The stamen is the male portion

The carpel is the female portion. 7

•Sepal - green, leaf-like structure that protects
the budding flower.
•Petal - colorful and often scented part of the
flower that attracts insects.
•Stamen – produces pollens. Has a filament
and an anther.
•Filament - stalk that connects to and holds up
the anther.
•Carpel - consists of the stigma, style, and
ovary.
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Stigma - the tip of the carpel that is sticky in
order to collect pollen.
Style - the slender, neck-like portion of the
carpel that leads to the ovary.
Ovary - structure at the base of the carpel
that houses the ovule or egg.

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When the ovule becomes fertilized, it
develops into a seed. The ovary, which
surrounds the seed, becomes the fruit.

Flowers that contain both stamens and

carpels are called PERFECT FLOWERS.

Flowers that are missing either stamens or

carpels are called IMPERFECT FLOWERS.

If a flower contains all four main parts

(sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels), it is
called a COMPLETE FLOWER. 10
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FLOWER
IN
SECTIONS
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Fig. 3: L.S. of a typical
Angiosperm Flower x5 13
TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A TYPICAL
ANGIOSPERM FLOWER (Line drawing) 14
Fig. 2: TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A TYPICAL ANGIOSPERM FLOWER.
X10 15
FLORAL FORMULAE
AND
DIAGRAMS

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Convenient shorthand methods of
recording sexuality, floral symmetry,
number of parts, connation and adnation,
insertion, and ovary position of a flower.

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 FLORAL FORMULAS
• A floral formula consists of six symbols
indicating from left to right:
• Floral Symmetry
• Floral Sexuality
• Number of Sepals
• Number of Petals
• Number of Stamens
• Number of Carpels
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 FLORAL FORMULAS
• Floral formulas are useful tools for
remembering characteristics of the various
angiosperm families. Their construction
requires careful observation of individual
flowers and of variation among the flowers
of the same or different individuals.

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 FLORAL FORMULA SYMBOL 1
• THE FIRST SYMBOL IN A FLORAL FORMULA
DESCRIBES THE SYMMETRY OF A FLOWER.

• Radial symmetry – Divisible into equal halves

by two or more planes of symmetry.
• Bilateral symmetry – Divisible into equal
halves by only one plane of symmetry.
• Asymmetrical – Flower lacking a plane of
symmetry, neither radial nor bilateral.

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 FLORAL FORMULA SYMBOL 2
THE SECOND SYMBOL IN A FLORAL
FORMULA DESCRIBES THE SEXUALITY OF
A FLOWER.

• MALE FLOWER

• FEMALE FLOWER

• HERMAPHRODITE
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 FLORAL FORMULA SYMBOL 3
• The second major symbol in the floral
formula is the number of sepals, with “K”
representing “calyx”. Thus, K5 would mean a
calyx of five sepals.

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 FLORAL FORMULA SYMBOL 4
• THE THIRD SYMBOL IS THE NUMBER OF
PETALS, WITH “C” REPRESENTING
“COROLLA”. THUS, C5 MEANS A COROLLA OF
5 PETALS.

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 FLORAL FORMULA SYMBOL 5
• The fourth symbol in the floral formula is the
number of stamens (androecial items), with
“A” representing “androecium”. A∞ (the
symbol for infinity) indicates numerous
stamens and is used when stamens number
is more than twelve in a flower. A10 would
indicate 10 stamens.

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 Floral Formula Symbol 6
• The fifth symbol in a floral formula indicates
the number of carpels, with “G” representing
“gynoecium”. Thus, G10 would describe a
gynoecium of ten carpels.

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 Basic Floral Formula
…..K5 C5 A∞, G10

• Radial symmetry
• 5 sepals in the calyx (K5)
• 5 petals in the corolla (C5)
• Numerous (12 or more) stamens (A∞)
• 10 carpels (G10)

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 Floral Formulas
• Connation (like parts fused) is indicated by a
circle around the number representing the
parts involved. For example, in a flower with 5
stamens all fused (connate) by their filaments,
the floral formula representation would be:

A5

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 Floral Formulas
• The plus symbol (+) is used to indicate
differentation among the members of any
floral part. For example, a flower with five
large stamens alternating with five small ones
would be recorded as:
• A5+5.

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 Floral Formulas
• Adnation (fusion of unlike parts) in indicated
by a line connecting the numbers representing
different floral parts. Thus, a flower that has 4
fused petals (connate corolla) with 2 stamens
fused (or adnate) to this corrola, is described
as:

C4 A2

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 Floral Formulas
• The presence of extra floral part such epicalyx
can be represented by a symbol EpK. An
epicalyx having 5 free parts can be
represented by

EpK5

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 Floral Formulas
• The lack of a particular floral part is indicated
by placing a zero (0) in the appropriate
position in the floral formula. For example, a
carpellate flower (flower with a gynoecium
but no functional androecium) would be
described as:
……..K3 C3 A0 G2

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 Floral Formulas
• A line below the carpel number indicates the
superior position of the ovary with respect to
other floral parts.
G3

• A line above the carpel number indicates the

inferior position of the ovary with respect to
other floral parts.
G3 32
 SOME WORKS TO DO

1. K5 C5 A∞,G2

2. K4 C4 A10G(1)

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 Floral Diagrams
• Floral diagrams are stylized cross sections of
flowers that represent the floral whorls as
viewed from above. Rather like floral
formulas, floral diagrams are used to show
symmetry, numbers of parts, the relationships
of the parts to one another, and degree of
connation and/or adnation. Such diagrams
cannot easily show ovary position.

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Sample floral diagrams

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Sample Floral Diagrams Described

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 MEDICINAL PLANTS
• Medicinal plants are various plants used in herbalism and reported have

medicinal properties that can cure disease.

• A disease is an abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism. It is

often construed as a medical condition associated with specific

symptoms and signs.

Many species of Angiosperms have been reported to have some medicinal uses. The
uses of medicinal plants sometimes vary from community to community. In the rural
communities, people rely heavily on plants to treat so many diseases such as cough,
malaria, cancer, stomach, a number of reproduction diseases, allergy, arthritis,
asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, eye, ear, mouth lungs, heart liver diseases etc, etc, etc.

WORK TO DO:

Enquire from your neighbourhood any ten diseases that can be cured with plants and

the plants used. 37

 IS THERE
ANY
QUESTION?
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