CHAPTER 5

RIVER TRAINING AND FLOOD CONTROL

 River Training and Flood Control cont…
 River training ,in its wider aspects, covers all those engineering
works which are constructed on a river, so as to guide and
confine the flow to the river channel ,and to control and
regulate the river bed configuration, thus ensuring the effective
and efficient disposal of flood and sediment load.
Establishing and training a river along a certain alignment with a
suitable water way is, therefore, the first and foremost aim of river
training.
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Objectives of River training

 To prevent the river from changing its course
 To prevent flooding of the surrounding area
 To protect the river bank to deflect the rivers away from the
attacked banks.
 To ensure effective disposal of sediments
 To provide minimum water depth for navigation
 Classification of River Training
Depending up on the purpose for which a river training
programme is under taken, the river training works may be
classified in to the following three categories.
1. High water training or Training for discharge
 Under taken with the primary purpose of flood control.
 It, therefore, aims at providing sufficient river cross –section
for the safe passage of maximum flood, and is concerned
with making the adjoining area flood-proof, by construction
of dykes or levees
2. Low water Training or Training for depth
 Under taken for the provision of sufficient depth in
navigation channels during low water periods
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3. Mean water Training or Training for sediment
 Aimed for efficient sediment disposals and thus, to preserve
the channel in a good shape.
 Methods of River Training
The following are the generally adapted methods for river
training :
 Marginal /embankment or levees
 Guide banks
 Groynes or spurs
 Artificial cut-off
 Pitching of banks and provision of launching aprons
1. Marginal /embankment or levees
 These are the earthen embankments running parallel to the
river at some suitable distance.
 They are constructed on both side of the river
 A levee or a dyke are mainly used for flood protection by
controlling the river.
 The alignment of the levees should follow the normal
meandering pattern of the river.
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Design consideration
 Levees are just like earth dams with the difference that they
are very long
 Their section should be designed in such away as to keep the
seepage gradient inside the body of the embankment by at
least one meter from below the top surface of the
embankment.
 Seepage gradient varies between 4:5 to 6:1 (i.e. H:V)
depending up on the characteristics of the soil.
 River side slope varies from 2:1 to 5:1 land side slope varies
from 2:1 to 1:1
 Top width varies between 2.5 to 10m.
 The free board varies between 0.3 to 1.5m
Cont…
2. Guide banks
 If a weir or barrage or bridge are constructed across a river
the river width is reduced and trained in guide bank.
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Selection of working-site
 The construction of bridges weirs or barrage should be at
minimum width of banks of the river
 Bends and meandering of the river should not be adopted.
 The soil of the bed and banks should be stiff clay or
geologically accepted
Design Consideration
The top level of the guide bank is governed by HFL, afflux,
velocity and free board.
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Afflux:- It is arise in high flood level of the river upstream of the
weir or barrage as a result of construction.
 The amount of afflux in case of weirs or barrage on alluvial
soils is limited to 1to 1.2m
Water way:- It is the actual width from which the water has to
flow after the river is constructed.
The waterway may be given by Lacey’s regime perimeter (p)
P= ; (Because in wide rivers width is approximately
equal to its perimeter)
In case of a bridge, obstruction caused by piers should be
accounted the equation is represent the clear effective water way.
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 Most of the existing weir and bridge provided a clear water
10%-50% more than that is given by lacey’s Regime
perimeter.
Length of guide banks
 It is depending up on distance between the abutment of the
guide banks.
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 However in a certain case when the permanent bank is too
wide, the Gale’s guide bunds may fail to provide enough
protections to the approaching embankments. So, in this case
we have to use
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Radius of the curved head of the guide banks

 Gale’s suggested the R value 250m when the Q value in b/n

7,000 to 20,000 cumecs and R= 580m when Q value is b/n
40,000 to 70,000 cumecs.
 When the value of discharge in between 20,000 to 40,000 R
will be find by interpolation.
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The shank portion and section of bund
 Straight portion of the guide bank BC is called the shank
portion.
 The guide banks should have a minimum top width of 4m so
as to provide sufficient carriage-way.
 Extra width may, however, be provided for storing pitching
material
 Side slopes may vary from 1.5H: 1V to 2.5H:1V but generally
kept as 2H:1V depending on the construction materials and the
height of the bund. A free board of 1.2 to 1.5m is generally
provided
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Slope pitching
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