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Working and Types of Total Station

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Guided By, M Gopal Senior Lecturer

By, Punith KT 5th Sem

INTRODUCTION
A Total Station is a combination Electronic Transit Theodolite and Electronic Distance Measuring Device (EDM). With the aid of trigonometry, the angles and distances may be used to calculate the actual positions (x, y, and z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points in absolute terms. It is a modern surveying instrument which consists of Electronic Digital Theodolite, Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) instrument and minicomputer are built in one unit. It automatically measures the data and transfers into computer.
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Total Station
The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds.

Most total stations use purpose-built glass porro prism reflectors for the EDM signal, and can measure distances as far as a 10 kilometers. The typical total Reflector less total stations can measure station can measure distances to distances to any object that is reasonably light in about 3 millimeters or 1/1000th of a color, to a few hundred meters. 4/13/12 foot.

Basic Principle
v

A Total Station integrates the functions of a theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder as a single unit.

Angles and distances are measured from the Total Station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or Northing, Easting And Elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation.

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Combination of Instruments

Transit Electronic Theodolite.

Electronic distance meter (EDM). Inbuilt Memory Calculator Additional Programs Mini Computer Tilt sensing

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Components of a Total Station

Electronic Distance Measuring Transit Electronic Theodolite On-Board Micro-processor Data Collector (Built in or separate unit) Data Storage (Internal or memory card) Prisms Tripod and Pole

(EDM)

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EDM is fitted inside the telescope, Digital display,

Features of Total Station

Compatibility with computers, Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates, Auto level compensator is available, Can work in lesser visibility also, Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances, It is water proof A Laser Optical Peewit for exact centering. Display or circular vial and plate bubble in the both direction for easy leveling. Accurate dual axis compactor using which the instrument can level ever on

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Additional Features
New Total Stations have atmospheric correction, and autofocus. In addition, these series incorporates a quick distance measuring mode and a high data storage capacity for increased productivity.

The new Total station gives the unique opportunity for long range distance monitoring of up to 9000m to a single prism

The Electronic field book can be store up to 10,000 data points .

Data can be downloaded from the Total Station to a computer

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and application software used to compute results and generate a

How Does Total Station Work . . ?

A standard Transit is basically a Telescope with cross-hairs for

sighting a target; The telescope is attached to scales for measuring the angle of

rotation of the telescope (normally relative to north as 0 degrees) and the angle of inclination of the telescope (relative to the horizontal as 0 degrees). After rotating the telescope to aim at a target, one may read the

angle of rotation and the angle of inclination from a scale. The electronic transit provides a digital read-out of those angles
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instead of a scale;

How it measures distance

It has a laser transmitter and receiver. A laser is emitted it strikes a target usually a prism it is received and is interpreted as distance. Slope distance between the instrument and target is measured and horizontal distance is then deduced using inbuilt microprocessor.

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Neccesary accessories to be used with Total Stations

Triple prism
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Single prism

Pole

Tripod

v Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of a direction measurement.

Auxiliary Required

Equipment

v A data recorder if one is not integrated into the Total station.

v A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the

captured digital data to produce contour and detail maps.

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Prism: Single prism and Triple prism part of a total station, The other
to its target.

the electronic distance

measuring device or EDM, measures the distance from the instrument

The EDM sends out an infrared beam which is reflected back to the unit, and the unit uses timing measurements to calculate the distance traveled by the beam.

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The reflecting prism is a cylindrical device about the diameter of a soft-drink can and about 10 cm. in height; At one end is a glass covering plate and at the other is a truncated cone with a threaded extension. It is normally screwed into a target/bracket on the top of a pole; the pointed tip of the pole is placed on the points to be surveyed.

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Triple

Single

Tripod and Pole Total Station is mounted on a tripod The

and leveled before use.

Meanwhile, the prism is mounted on a pole of known height;

Tripod

The prism is mounted and the instrument must be aimed at the prism. So it will calculate the position of the prism, not the Note : - The pole must be held point to be surveyed. upright, and a bubble Level is
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Compatibility with Computers

Data can be downloaded from the Total Station to a computer and application software used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the captured digital data to produce contour and detail maps.

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Types of Total Stations

Mechanical/Manual Total Station Motorized Total Station Auto lock Total Station Robotic/Automatic Total Station

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Mechanical or Manual Total Station

The conventional multipurpose

manual Total Station are used for routine works with powerful built-in applications program and are cheaper than the other types Total Station.

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Motorized Total Station

The motorized Total Station are equipped with

servo to allow for fast, smooth and accurate aiming. No tangent screws required This increases the productivity by about 30%. The servo technology enables automated

measurement. For example, during angle measurement one can simply aim the instrument at each point. The instrument can then repeat the measurements 4/13/12

Auto Lock Total Station

Auto lock Total Station allow for a semiautomatic measurement where measuring and recoding takes place at the Total Station.

In this case the instrument searches for an active remote positioning target (RMT), locks to it and follows the target as it
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Automatic / Robotic Total Station

Robotic system is the next step up from the self tracking system and includes all the features of a self tracking system In this Total Station, the control unit can be taken to the prism to record measurements and collect other data. Generally a radio communication is used between TS and the prism.
4/13/12 The control unit, battery, antenna and

Reflectorless or Direct Reflex Measurement Distance measurement without prism is also available on many
instruments. One laser is invisible and is used to measure long distances (6 km to a single reflector), the other is visible, does not require a reflector, and has a limited range of about 200 m. The Reflectorless measurements are useful for surveying the facades of buildings, tunnel profiling, cooling tower profiling, bridge components, and dam faces.

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Leading Manufacturers
Manufactures
Pentax Sokkia Leica Trimble Nikon Topcon Horizon
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Country
Japan Japan Switzerland USA Japan Japan China

Total Station Replaces Conventional Instruments like

Theodolite.
Compass.

EDM Levels. Plane Table. Field Book .

Theodolite 4/13/12

EDM

Auto Levels