Concrete material

Outline
1- What is concrete? 4-Properties of Concrete
2- Composition of concrete
a) Water 5-Types of Concrete
b) Aggregates
c) Reinforcement
d) Chemical admixtures 6-Concrete Recycling
e) Cement
3- Concrete production
a) Mixing Concrete
b) Workability
c) Curing
 1. WHAT IS CONCRETE?
 The most widely used construction material in the world.
 Mixture of cement, water, aggregates,

and in some cases, admixtures.

 The cement and water form a paste that hardens

and bonds the aggregates together.

 Often looked upon as “man made rock”.

 Versatile construction material, adaptable to

a wide variety of agricultural and residential uses.

 Strong, durable, and economical.
2. Composition of concrete
 Water

 Aggregates

 Chemical admixtures

 Cement
 WATER
 Good water is essential for quality concrete.
 Should be good enough to drink--free

of trash, organic matter and excessive

chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of

concrete are highly dependent on the

amount of water and the water-cement ratio.
 AGGREGATES
 Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent of the
volume of concrete.

 Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the

primary aggregates used.

 All aggregates must be essentially free

of silt and/or organic matter.
 Chemical admixtures
 Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the
concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with
plain concrete mixes.

 In normal use, admixture dosages

are less than 5% by mass of cement,
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing.
 The most common types of admixtures are:
 Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl
 Acrylic retarders:
-Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or difficult
pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).
 Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for agricultural concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
 Improve the durability of concrete exposed to moisture and

freeze/thaw action.
 Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and corrosive agents

such as manure or silage.

 Water-reducing admixtures
-Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it
be placed more easily, with less consolidating effort.
-High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of water-
reducing admixtures
 Increase workability

 Reduce the water content of a concrete.

 Improves its strength and durability characteristics.

 REINFORCEMENT
 As the aggregate efficiently carries the compression
load, we call it strong in compression.
 As the cement holding the aggregate,
it can crack, allowing the structure to fail.
it is weak in tension
 Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers,
or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
 CEMENT
 Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
 Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
 Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden
under or with excess water through the hydration of the cement’s
chemical compounds or minerals
 Concrete production
 This process develops physical and chemical properties like
mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical and
volumetric stability.
To develop proper concrete
 Mixing concrete

 Workability

 Curing
 Mixing concrete
 Essential for
I. The production of uniform concrete,
II. High quality concrete.
 Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing

http://en.yujianjx.com/upload/Concrete-Mixing-Plants-HZS50.jpg
 Workability
 The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed and
finished without segregation.
 Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have
experience in determining the proper mix.
 Curing
 Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and
finished can still be a failure if improperly or inadequately cured.
 Usually the last step in a concrete and, unfortunately, is often
neglected even by professionals.
 Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened concrete
such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear resistance,
volume stability, and resistance to freezing and thawing.
 A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.
 Curing
 The best curing method depends on:
 Cost,

 Application equipment required

 Materials available

 Size and shape of the concrete surface.

 Can be done by:

 Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic sheets,

 Applying membrane-forming
Properties of concrete
 Strength
 Elasticity
 Cracking
 Shrinkage cracking
 Tension cracking
 Strength
Concrete has relatively
 High compressive strength,

 Low tensile strength

 Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is about

10%-15% of its compressive strength

 The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by

- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-curing methods

Same cylinder
after failure
Compression testing of a
concrete cylinder
 Elasticity
 Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
 The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of elasticity
to be calculated using the following equation:

where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where

f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)

 Cracking
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent.
 Cracks due to tensile stress(induced by shrinkage or stresses)
occurring during setting or use
 Shrinkage cracking
 Occur when concrete members undergo
volumetric changes (shrinkage) as a
result of drying

Tension cracking
 Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied
load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
 The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
Types of concrete
 Regular concrete
 High-strength concrete
 High-performance concrete
 Self-consolidating
concretes
 Vacuum concretes
 Shotcrete
 Roller-compacted concrete
 Asphalt concrete
 Rapid strength concrete
 Polymer concrete
 Geopolymer or green
concrete
 Limecrete
 Gypsum concrete
 Concrete recycling
 Increasingly common method of disposing of concrete
structures
 Recycling is increasing due to
-Improved environmental awareness
- Governmental laws
-Economic benefits
 Recycling concrete provides
-Environmental benefits
-Conserving landfill space