Chemical

Formulas,
Structural
Formulas, and
Models of
Compounds
General Chemistry 1

Ramona S. Esteves
Subject Teacher
Learning Represent compounds
Competency using chemical formulas, rs

Jens Martensson
structural formulas and e
s

models (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21) te
v
e
s

2
NaBr Sodium bromide

CO
H2 O2 Hydrogen peroxide

MP
rs

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KCl Potassium chloride e

OU
s
te

BaF2 Barium fluoride v

N
e

DS
s

AgCl Silver chloride

Compounds
 represented by chemical
formulas.
 Elements in a compound are
represented by chemical rs

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symbols, and the ratio of e
s
different elements is represented te
by subscripts. v
e
 two types of inorganic s

compounds: ionic compounds

and covalent compounds.
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TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
• Ionic compounds
are compounds in which
positive metal ions and
negative nonmetal ions are
• Example:
The ionic compound
lithium fluoride consists
of a ratio of one lithium rs

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joined by ionic bonds. In these ion (Li+) to one fluoride e
s
compounds, the chemical ion (F- ). te
symbol for the positive metal v
e
ion is written first, followed s
by the symbol for the negative :
Answer LiF
nonmetal ion. Lithium Fluoride
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 TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
Covalent compounds Example:
• are compounds in which nonmetals • A molecule of the
are joined by covalent bonds. In covalent compound
these compounds, the element that nitrogen dioxide consists rs

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is farther to the left in the periodic of one nitrogen atom (N)
e
s
table is written first, followed by the and two oxygen atoms te
v
element that is farther to the right. If (O). e
both elements are in the same group s

of the periodic table, the one with • Answer: NO

2
the higher period number is written Nitrogen dioxide
first.
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Chemical formula
 provide information about
how many atoms of a
particular element are in a rs

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molecule. e
s
 use to express the te
v
composition of molecules e
s
and ionic compounds in
terms of chemical symbol.

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Carbon dioxide
What atoms consist the formula for
carbon dioxide? C and O
How many atoms of Carbon and
oxygen compose the formula? 1 atom C & 2 atoms O rs

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e
s
In a formula of CO2, what do you call a te
number written slightly below and to the Subscript v
e
right of the symbol? s

What do you call the number written

before the formula or symbol that Coefficient
represents the number of moles or
molecules? CO2
8
What does 4CO2
means?
4CO2 means there are rs

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e
4 moles or molecules s
te

of carbon dioxide v

Coefficient e
s

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Table 1: Examples of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Name of Type of Ratio of Ions or Atoms of Each Chemical

Compound Compound Element Formulas
rs

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Sodium e
bromide s
te
Calcium v
fluoride e
s
Hydrogen
peroxide
Carbon
tetrachloride
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 Table 1: Examples of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Name of Type of Ratio of Ions or Atoms of Each Chemical
Compound Compound Element Formulas
Sodium ionic 1 sodium ion (Na+) NaBr
bromide 1 bromine ion (Br- ) rs

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e

CaF2
s
Calcium ionic 1 calcium ion (Ca2+) te
fluoride 2 fluoride ions (F- ) v
e
Hydrogen covalent 2 hydrogen atoms (H) H2O2 s
peroxide 2 oxygen atoms (O)
Carbon covalent 1 carbon atom (C) CCl4
tetrachloride 4 chlorine atoms (Cl)
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 Table 1: Examples of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Name of Type of Ratio of Ions or Atoms of Each Chemical
Compound Compound Element Formulas
Potassium ionic 1 potassium ion (K+)
chloride 1 chlorine ion (Cl-) rs

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e
Barium ionic 1 barium ion (Ba2+) s
te
fluoride 2 fluoride ions (F-) v
e
s
Dicarbon covalent 2 carbon atoms (C)
trifluoride 3 fluorine atoms (F)
Sulfur covalent 1 sulfur atom (S)
tetroxide 4 oxygen atoms (O) 12
 Examples of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Name of Compound Type of Ratio of Ions or Atoms of Chemical
Compound Each Element Formulas
Silver chloride AgCl2
rs

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Lithium oxide Li2O e
s
Calcium iodide CaI te
v
e
Diphosphorus
pentoxide
P2O5 s

Dinitrogen
trioxide
N2O3
Carbon
dioxide
CO2 13
CHEMICAL
FORMULA A. Molecular Formula

B. Empirical Formula
A way of expressing in
symbols the elements
present in a compound, as C. Structural Formula
well as the number of atoms
of each element present in
the compound.
Molecular
Formula
shows the number of atoms

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per element present in a
compound.It is also called
the true formula.

C6 H12 O6
  shows the simplest form
Empirical of the atomic ratio in a
formula chemical compound

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C H 2O
Note:
A molecular formula of compound can also
be its empirical formula
  indicates how the atoms are
Structural arranged and bonded
formula chemically.
 consists of symbols for the

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O atoms connected by short lines
that represent chemical bonds
—one, two, or three lines
H H representing single, double, or
triple bonds, respectively.
STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
Structural formula of This structural signifies that
ethane (CH3CH3)
the compound consists of
two carbon

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atoms each linked to the
other and to three hydrogen
atoms by single bonds.

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Activity 2: A. Give the chemical formula of a compound given
the following structural formula.
1 5

8
rs

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2 e
s
te
6 9 v
e
s
3

10
7
4
 a. Determine whether the chemical formula is its
B. molecular formula or empirical formula.
b. Draw their structural formula.

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1. C2H2

2. C2 H4 O2

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 modeling clay
(varied colors)
stick or broomstick
Bring next
meeting the
following:
MODEL A representation of a
Structural formula of compound’s molecular and
ethane (CH3CH3) structural composition.

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 a scale model
Molecular showing the
model arrangement of atoms
in a molecule.
A representation of a
compound’s molecular three basic categories:
and structural ball-and-stick,
composition. skeletal, and
space filling.
Ball- a molecular model of a chemical
substance which is to display both the three-
and- dimensional position of the atoms and the
bonds between them. The atoms are typically
stick represented by spheres, connected by rods
which represent the bonds. The “sticks”
model represent a pair of valence electrons shared
between two atoms. The number of holes in
each ball represents the number of shared
electron pairs that the atom normally requires
to become stable.
  are partial spheres that
have diameters
proportional to those of the
real atoms and that are
joined directly to one
another. The table below

Space filling shows the difference

between ball-and-stick
model model and the space-filling
model.
Table 2: Difference between Ball-and-stick
and the Space-filling Model
Table 3: Common Compounds with their formulas
and models
Compound Chemical Formulas Models

Molecular Empirical Structural Ball-and-Stick Space-Filling

Formula Formula Model Model
Formula

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Water H2O H2O

Carbon CO2 CO2

dioxide
Hydrogen H2 O2 HO
peroxide
ACTIVITY 3: 3-D MODELS
OBJECTIVE: To create 3-D models of some common compounds.
MATERIALS: Styrofoam balls or modelling clay of different colors.
CAUTION: Be careful in handling the materials.
PROCEDURE:
1. Each group will be assigned to create a 3-D model of a
compound. Draw lots to determine the compounds each group
will work.
2. Research on the structure of the compound assigned in your
group. This structure will provide a basis for your model.
3. Each element in the compound should have a different color to
distinguish them from each other.
4. Write a short description about the compounds as well as their 29

uses and present them to the class.

Activity 3: Using a modeling clay or small plastic balls make
a ball-and stick and a space-filling models of the following
compound.

1. CO2 6. CHCl3
2. NH3 7. CCl4
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3. O3 8. H2S
4. H2O2 9. H2O
5. NO2 10. NH4
Determine the empirical formulas of the following compounds given
their molecular formulas.

1. Benzene (C6H6)

2. Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)

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3. Sucrose (C12H22O11)

4. Naphthalene (C10H4)

5. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

 Insert or Drag and Drop your Image

Thank you
 Jens Martensson
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You
Jens Martensson
jens@bellowscollege.com
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