5 – Walli’s Formula

ES 14: Calculus II (Integral Calculus)

David A. Agbayani

Note: These lecture slides are not meant to be published.

 Walli’s Formula

where , if both and are even

, if either or is odd
 Walli’s Formula

• 1 or 2 is the last difference possible. Stop subtraction when either

difference is obtained.
 Walli’s Formula

• The subtrahend in the numerator are all ODD starting with 1,

while that in the denominator are all EVEN starting with 2.
 Example 1
• Evaluate the integral

• Note that Walli’s Formula applies exclusively to the sine and cosine
functions with lower and upper limits 0 and , respectively.

• From the given,

• Since both and are even, we use .
 Example 1
• Substituting into Walli’s Formula,

• Again, taking the differences for both the numerator and

denominator shall end when the last difference is either 1 or 2.
 Example 2
• Evaluate the integral

• At first glance, this doesn’t look like we could use Walli’s Formula.
• But what we’re going to do is something called change in variable.
• This is basically like integration by substitution, but since we're
dealing with a definite integral, this substitution would mean that we
would also need to have a change in limits for this integral.
• For trigonometric substitutions, a change in limit would mean we
won’t need to use the triangle anymore (as in Lecture 3, Slide 52).
Hooray!
 Example 2
• Evaluate the integral

• For this, we let , giving us .

• Since we’re changing our variable from to , we need to know the
equivalent values of at the upper and lower limits and .

• When , the value of becomes .

• When , the value of becomes
 Example 2
• The integral can now be rewritten as

• Again, after changing the variables, we also changed the limits of

the definite integral.
• We observe that is equal to , which is equal to .
 Example 2

• We can now use Walli’s Formula on this integral!

• Both here are odd, so we use
 Exercises*
• Evaluate the following integral:

• Hint #1: You would want the radicand to be a trigonometric identity,

like .
• Hint #2: If it is hard to substitute x with a trigonometric function,
maybe try substituting .

*not for submission