Chapter 7

METHOD OF INTEGRATION
 Summary of integral techniques
• INTERGRATION STRATEGY
In order to integrate a function, we may
implement some of the followings
• Simplification
Simplify an integrand, if possible.
• Substitution
• Integration by parts
• Using tables of integrals
 Example 1
• Find the integral
Solution
Step 1 Simplify

Step 2 Use the basic integration formulas

 Example 2
• Find

• Solution
• St 1:
• St 2:
 Example 3
• Find
 Example 4
• Find each integral
a)

b)

c)
 Integration by parts

If u and v are differentiable functions of x,

Integration by parts for definite integrals

𝑏 𝑏

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣=𝑢𝑣∨¿ −∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢¿
𝑏
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
 7.2.Integration by parts
A. Forms
Let
B. Forms
Let
C. Forms
Let
 Example 5
• Find
 Tabular Method
• Tabular method works well for integrals of the
form

• Example 6: Find
• Sometimes we need to use substitution
before using the table of integrals.
• Example, find the integral
 Some special form of integrals
• Trigonometric forms
• A.
 m odd: Let
 n odd: Let
 n and m both even: Use half-angle identities
 Example 7
• Find
 Example 7
• Find
• Solution
 Eg 7
• So that
Example 8
Example 8
 Some special forms of integrals
• Trigonometric forms
• B.
 n even: Let

Remark:
 m odd: Let
m even, n odd: using the identity to transform it
into secant function only and then applying a
reduction formula (161)
 Some special form of integrals
• Trigonometric forms
• C. For a rational trigonometric integral.

Let

and
7.4 Method of partial fractions
• If the denominator D(x) can be expressed as
the product of n distinct linear factors, then

Is decomposed into separate terms of the form

• Remark: If there is a mixture of distinct and
repeated linear factors, we combine the
procedures illustrated in the preceding
examples. For example
• Section 7.6
First – order
differential equations
Applications of first-order equations
Modeling logistic growth

A population model that takes into account the effect

of diminishing resources and crowding

B: the carrying capacity;

Q(t): the current population
B – Q: the potential unborn population of the species
It is called a logistic equation
 Example: A dilution problem
A tank contains 20 lb of salt dissolved in 50
gal of water. Suppose 3 gal of brine
containing 2lb of dissolved salt per gallon
runs into the tank every minute and that the
mixture (keep uniform by stirring) run out of
the tank at rate of 2gal/min. Find the amount
of salt in the tank at any time. How much salt
in the tank at the end of one hour?
Solution
Basing on the data, we establish the following first-
order equation of the problem

By solving this equation we obtain the solution

S(t)

Because S(0)=20, then C=-80(50)2

 Modeling of RL circuits
Consider the following circuit
 Modeling of RL circuits

According to Kirchhoff’s second law we have the equation

I(t) the current following the circuit at time t, L the

inductance, R the resistance
Solving the equation we obtain the solution
First-order linear differential equations

• First-order linear differential equations have

the separable form

Eg:
 General solution of a first-order linear
differential equation
• Diff. eq.

• Step1 Find integrating factor

The exponent is any antiderivative of P(x)

 General solution of a first-order linear
differential equation
• Step 2: Multiply both sides of diff. eq.(1) by
I(x)

• It makes the left side an exact derivative

General solution of a first-order linear
differential equation
• Step 3:

• General solution of diff. eq.(1) is

• The constant of integration C is added

after the last integration
• C is an arbitrary constant
Example 1: Solve the differential
equations
 Example 1:
• Integrating factor

• Multiply both sides of diff. eq.(1) by I(x)

 Example 1:
• General solution of diff. eq. (1) is
Eg 2: Solve the differential equation
 Example 2:

• General solution of diff. eq. (1) is

 Initial value problem
• A first-order initial problem involves a first-
order equation and the value of y at a
particular value
 Example 3: Solve the initial value
problem
• Solve

subject to the initial condition when

 Example 3
• Diff. eq.

• General solution

• Because of the condition it follows that

Thus,
Applications of first-order equations
Modeling logistic growth

A population model that takes into account the effect

of diminishing resources and crowding

B: the carrying capacity;

Q(t): the current population
B – Q: the potential unborn population of the species
It is called a logistic equation
 Example: Logistic equation for the spread
an epidemic

Problem: The rate at which an epidemic spreads through

a community is proportional to the product of the
number of residents who have been infected and the
number of susceptible residents. Express the number of
residents who have been infected as a function of time.
Solution

From the data, we construct the equation

Solving the equation we get the solution

Where A
 Example: A dilution problem
A tank contains 20 lb of salt dissolved in 50
gal of water. Suppose 3 gal of brine
containing 2lb of dissolved salt per gallon
runs into the tank every minute and that the
mixture (keep uniform by stirring) run out of
the tank at rate of 2gal/min. Find the amount
of salt in the tank at any time. How much salt
in the tank at the end of one hour?
Solution
Basing on the data, we establish the following first-
order equation of the problem

By solving this equation we obtain the solution

S(t)

Because S(0)=20, then C=-80(50)2

 Modeling of RL circuits
Consider the following circuit
 Modeling of RL circuits

According to Kirchhoff’s second law we have the equation

I(t) the current following the circuit at time t, L the

inductance, R the resistance
Solving the equation we obtain the solution
Assume that I=0 when t=0. Hence the solution
becomes
 Section 7.7
Improper Integrals
7.7.1 Improper integral type 1
• Let a be a fixed number and assume that

exists for all . Then if

exists, we define the improper integral by

If the limit on the right side is finite, the improper

integral is said to converge and to diverge otherwise.
Example 1: Evaluate
Example 1: Evaluate
• Solution
 Example 2:
converges or diverges?
 Improper Integral

The improper integral is convergent or divergent?

∞
1
∫ 𝑥
𝑝
𝑑𝑥
1
 Improper integral type 1
• Similarly,

If both the improper integral are convergent for

some a, we define
 Improper integral type 2

• If f is unbounded at a and exists for all

t such that , then

• The improper integral is said to converge if this

limit is a finite number and to diverge otherwise
Similarly,
Eg 4 :

converges
 Improper integral type 2
• Improper integrals with unbounded integrands
 Comparison test for convergence and
divergence

Theorem. Let f, g be continuous on [a, b] and

for . If converges, converges, if diverges,
diverges.
 Example

Is the improper integral convergent or divergent?

∞
1
∫ 𝑥 2+𝑒𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
∞
1
∫√ 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥
2
 Hyperbolic function
• Sinh, cosh, tanh

for all x
Properties of the Hyperbolic Functions