SEPARABLE ODE

A first order ordinary differential equation is separable if it

can be written in the form:

1.Rewrite the equation to separated form

2. Solution by Integration
 LINEAR ODE
A first order linear ordinary differential equation has the form:

1.An integrating factor for equation above is

2. The solution y(x) will be

 EXACT ODE
Test of Exactness

A first order exact differential equation has the form:

1.Find f(x,y) by integrating one of the equation above

 EXACT ODE
2. Find g(y) by differentiating f(x,y) with respect to y

Then,

3. Integrate g’(y) to get g(y) and substitute it back to f(x,y) to get

 NON-EXACT ODE
Test of Exactness:

1. If not exact, then make it exact by multiplying using a relevant factor

u(x, y)

2. Then, follow the methods of Exact ODE

 BERNOULLI EQUATION
A first order Bernoulli differential equation has the form:

1. Substitute u = y to the Bernoulli’s equation to transform it to linear

equation 1

2. Solve using methods for linear first order ode, then substitute back to u.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
If f(t) is defined for t ≥ 0, then

is said to be the Laplace Transform of f

 INVERSE LAPLACE
From L{f(t)}=F(s), the value f(t) is called the Inverse Laplace
transform of F(s)
HIGHER ODE USING
LAPLACE
VARIATION OF PARAMETERS
It is used to identify a particular solution of a linear first order differential
equation that is relevant to linear higher order equations as well

To adapt the method of variations of parameters to a linear second order DE

we put this in standard form

by dividing through by the lead coefficient a (x).
Corresponding to the substitution y = u (x)y (x) to find a
particular solution y of dy/dx + P(x)y = f(x), for the linear
second-order DE we seek a solution of the form

where y and y form a fundamental set of solutions on I of the

associated homogeneous equation, assuming that the
functions u and u satisfy
UNDETERMINED
COEFFICIENTS
 It is applicable if g(x) and all of its derivative can be written in
terms of the same finite set of linear independent functions; {y
(x), y (x), y (x),...,y (x)}

Where C , C , ..., C are arbitrary multiplicative constants.

The format of Y depends on the g(x)

Case 1: if g(X) = P (x), an nth degree polynomial

Case 2: if g(x) = ke , an exponential function
Case 3: if g(x) = k sinBx+k cosBx, a trigonometric function

General case: if g(X) is a combination of some or

all the 3 cases
LAWS OF GROWTH AND
DECAY
“The rate at which the substances change is
proportional to the quantity of substance present
at any time. ”
• A bacteria culture has a constant relative growth rate of
0.672 cells per day. At the beginning, there are 8 cells.

a.) Find the population size after 10days

b.) When will there be 100000 cells?

2.The number of Trufula Trees is decreasingly
exponentially. Initially, 34,000 Trufula Trees
existed, but 5 years later, only 21,000 existed.

a.) Find an equation for the number of Trufula Trees after t years.

b.) When will there only be 13,000 Trufula trees?

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
"The rate at which a body cools is proportional to
the difference between the temperature of the
body and that of the medium. ”

A = Tm
A thermometer reading 18F is brought into a room wehre the
temperature is 70F; 1 minute later, the thermometer reading is 31F.
Determine the temperature reading as a function of time and in
particular, find the temperature reading 5 minutes after the thermometer
brought into the room.
A thermometer reading 75F is taken out where the temperature is
20F. The reading is 30F, 4minutes later. Find a.) The thermometer
reading 7minutes after the thermometer was brought outside and b.)
the time taken for the reading to drop 25F.
MIXTURE PROBLEM
“The rate of change of substance in a volume is
equal to the rate of entrance minus the rate of
exit. ”
A vat with 500 gallons of beer contains 4% alcohol (by volume).
Beer with 7% alcohol is pumped into the vat at a rate of 5gal/min
and the mixture is pumped at the same rate.

a.) What is the amount of alcohol after an hour?

b.) What is the percentage of alcohol after an hour?

A tank contains 60 gallons of solution composed of 85% water and
15% Alcohol. A second solution containing half water and half
alcohol is added to the tank at the rate of 4 gallons per minute. At the
same time, the tank is being drained at the same rate. Assuming that
the solution is stirred constantly, how much alcohol will be in the tank
after 10 minutes?
POPULATION DYNAMICS
“The rate of change of the population is proportional to the existing
population. ”
• The population of the Philippines doubled in the last 30
years, from 1956 to 1986. Assuming that the rate of
population increase will remain the same, in what year will
our population triple?
2. 200 crabs are placed in a pond that can support a
population of 2000 crabs. After one month, the population
of the crabs had increased to 500. How long will it take for
the pond to reach full capacity?
THANK YOU!!
a