9

NOT

Mathematics
Quarter 2 Wk.1
Direct Variation

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Lesson
Direct Variation
What’s New

Let us begin our lesson by doing activities that will illustrate the concept of direct variation.
These activities used situations we practically encountered in our real-life. It is hoped that you
can be able to identify relationships and patterns and further use these concepts in solving
problems involving direct variation.
.

Activity 1: Extra Rice

Jelo plans to buy rice out of his own savings. He wants to help his mother whose work has
been affected of the community quarantine implemented by the government due to the pandemic.
The variety of rice he decides to buy cost Php40 a kilo.

Photo Credits: Miladima A. Boa

Let x be the number of kilos and y be the cost of rice.

Complete the table below showing the relationship between the number of kilos(x) of rice
bought and the total cost(y) of rice.

Number of kilos (x) 1 2 3 4 5

Total cost (y) 40 80 120

1
Answer the following:

1. As the number of kilos(x) increases, what happens to the total cost(y)? Will it increase,
decrease or remain the same?
2. Using this pattern, how much is the total cost(y) if the number of kilos(x) bought is 5?
3. What mathematical operation did you apply? Is there a constant number involved?
Explain the process that you have discovered.

From the activity, it can be observed that:

1. As the number of kilos(x) increases, the total cost(y) also increases.

2. In finding the cost of rice(y), the number of kilos(x) is multiplied by a constant number which
is equal to 40.
3. The mathematical statement that describes the relation is y= 40x, where y represents the cost
of rice and x represents the number of kilos.

Activity 2: Let’s Go!

Joash is riding his car leaving Iligan City to visit his grandparents in Lanao del Norte. He
travels at 70 kilometers per hour. The table below shows the time in hours (t) travelled and the
distance in km (d) covered by a car.

Photo Credits: Miladima A. Boa

Let t be the number of hours and d be the distance.

Answer the following:

1. Complete the table below

Time in hour (t) 1 2 3 4 5

Distance in km (d) 70 140

2. When time in hours (t) increases, how does distance in km (d) change?

3. Plot the points (t,d) in the plane below. What have you observed with the points plotted?

4
 350

distance (d) 280

210

140

70

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (t)

𝑑
4. What do you observe about the ratio ?
𝑡

5. What is the constant rate?

6. Complete the equation that shows the relationship between the time in hours (t) and the
distance in km (d) of car travelled.
d = _______________

The activity leads us to the following concepts:

1. When time in hours (t) increases, the distance in km (d) also increases. Thus, expresses
direct relationship.
2. Using a convenient scale, the graph of the relation is:

350

280
distance (d)

210

140

70

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (t)

As shown in the graph, points form a line that passes through the origin with a slope of
70.

5
 𝑑
3. The ratio 𝑡
= 70 is constant as shown in the table below, hence, k=70.

Time in hour (t) 1 2 3 4 5

Distance in km (d) 70 140 210 280 350
𝑑 70 140 210 280 350
𝑡 1 2 3 4 5

70 70 70 70 70

4. The mathematical sentence or equation describing the relation is d = 70t.

Direct Variation occurs when one quantity is equal to a constant times the other quantity.
𝑦
This can be expressed into mathematical statement or equation as y=kx, where k = 𝑥 is the
constant of variation or constant of proportionality. These statements can be:

“ y varies directly as x”
“ y is directly proportional to x” and
“ y is proportional to x”.

These statements mean that for two quantities, x and y, an increase in x causes an
increase in y as well. Similarly, a decrease in x causes a decrease in y.

Let us study the following statements translated into equations where k represents the
constant of variation or constant of proportionality.

Examples:

1. “a is directly proportional to b”
𝑎
is translated as a = kb where k = 𝑏

2. “The circumference (c) of a circle varies directly as the length of its

diameter (d).”
𝑐
is translated as c = kd where k = 𝑑

3. “The cost (c) of fish varies directly as the number (n) of kilos bought.”
𝑐
is translated as c = kn where k = 𝑛

6
 Let us use direct variation in solving word problems. Study the following examples
below.

Examples:

1. If y varies directly as x and y = 48 when x = 16, find the constant of variation and the
equation.

Solution:

a. To find the constant of variation:

Translate statement “y
y = kx varies directly as x” into
equation
Substitute the given
48= k(16) values of x and y to the
equation
To solve for the constant
of variation (k), apply the
Multiplication Property of
1 1 Equality (MPE). Multiply
(16)48= k(16)(16)
1
( ) both sides, the
16
reciprocal of the
numerical coefficient of k.
48
=𝑘
16
The constant of variation
3=k k is equal to 3
or
k=3

b. To find the equation:

Translate statement “y
y = kx varies directly as x” into
equation
The value of k from
k=3
solution (a)
Substitute 3 to k in the
y = (3)x
equation
The equation of the
y = 3x
variation

7
2. The table below shows a relation between the distance in km(d) and the time in hour
(t ). Find the constant of variation and the equation which describes the relation.

Time in hour 1 2 3 4 5
(t)
Distance in 80 160 240 320 400
km (d)

Solution:

a. To find the constant of variation:

𝑑 80 160 240 Form the data

𝑡
= 1
= 2
= 3
=
𝑑
320 400 in the table, 𝑡 is
4
= 5
= 80
constant.

k =80 By definition, k
is the constant
of variation.

b. To find the equation:

𝑑 Since the ratio of d and t

𝑡
=k
𝑑
or 𝑡 is constant,
𝑑
=80 Since k =80, substitute 80
𝑡
to k.
Apply the Multiplication
𝑑 Property of Equality
(𝑡) =80(𝑡)
𝑡 (MPE). Multiply 𝑡 both
sides.
The equation of the
d = 80t
variation

8
3. The graph shows the number of bottles n produced by a machine and the time t in
hours the machine is working. Find the constant of variation and the equation which
describes the relation.

9000
number of bottles (n)
7200

5400

3600

1800

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time in hours (t)

Solution:

a. To find the constant of variation

𝑛 1800 3600 As shown in the graph, the

= = = 900 𝑛
𝑡 2 4 ratio of n and t or 𝑡 is
constant.
By definition, k is the
k = 900
constant of variation.

b. To find the equation:

𝑑 𝑑
=k The ratio of d and t or is
𝑡 𝑡
constant,
𝑑
𝑡
=900 Since k =900, substitute
900 to k.
Apply the Multiplication
𝑑 Property of Equality
(𝑡) =900(𝑡)
𝑡 (MPE). Multiply 𝑡 both
sides.
The equation of the
d = 900t
variation

4. If p varies directly as q and p = 25 when q = 5, what is the value of q when p = 80?

Solution 1

Translate statement “p
p= kq varies directly as q” into
equation
25 = k(5) Substitute the given
values of p and q to solve
for k in the equation

9
 To solve for the constant
of variation (k), apply the
Multiplication Property of
1 1 Equality (MPE). Multiply
(5) 25 = k(5) (5) 1
5
both sides of the
equation the reciprocal of
the numerical coefficient
of k.
25
5
=k
5=k The constant of variation
or k is equal to 5
k=5
Write the variation
p = 5q
equation p= kq when k=5

Substitute the given value

80 = 5q of p = 80 to solve for q

To solve for q, apply the

1 1
(5) 80 = 5(q) (5) Multiplication Property of
Equality (MPE)
80
= q
5
The value of q when p =
16 = q
80
or
q = 16

Solution 2
𝑝 𝑝
Since 𝑞
is a constant, then we can write k = 𝑞
. From here, we can establish a
𝑝1 𝑝2
proportion such that = where p1 = 25, q1 = 5 and p2 = 80.
𝑞1 𝑞2

Substituting the values, we get

25 80
5
=𝑞 Divide
2

80
5=𝑞 Multiply both sides of the equation by 𝑞2
2

5q2 = 80 Apply Multiplication Property of Equality or (MPE),

1
multiply 5 to both sides of the equation

q2 = 16

Therefore, q = 16 when p =80.

10
5. The amount of paint p needed to paint the walls of the room varies directly as the area
A of the wall. How many gallons of paint is needed to paint a wall with an area of 120
sq meters if 2 gallons of paint can cover a 48 sq meter wall?

Solution 1

Translate statement “p
p = kA varies directly as A” into
equation
Substitute the given
values of p and A to solve
2 = k(48)
for k in the equation

To solve for the constant

1 1 of variation (k), apply the
(48) 2 = k(48) (48)
Multiplication Property of
Equality (MPE)
2
48
=k
1 The constant of variation
24
=k
1
or k is equal to 24
1
k=
24
Write the variation
1 equation p= kA with the
p = 24 A
value of k substituted

1
p= (120) Substitute A=120 to solve
24
for p
p=5

Therefore, it needs 5 gallons to paint a 120 sq meter wall.

Solution 2
𝑝 𝑝
Since 𝐴
is a constant, then we can write k = 𝐴
. From here, we can establish a
𝑝1 𝑝2
proportion such that 𝐴1
= 𝐴2
where p1 = 2, A1 = 48 and A2 = 120.

Substituting the values, we get

2 𝑝2
= Divide or rewrite the equation in lowest term
48 120
1 2𝑝
24
= 120 Multiply both sides by 120 to solve for p2
120
p2 = 24
Divide

p2 = 5 The value of p2

Therefore, p2 = 5 gallons when A =120 sq meter.

11
Activity 3: Let’s Do This

A. Write an equation to the following statements:

1. The cost C of meat varies directly as its weight w in kilograms.

2. The amount paid A for the purchase of the shirts varies directly with the number n of shirts
bought.

3. An employee’s earned income I varies directly as the number of days d he has worked.

4. The perimeter P of a square is directly proportional to its side s.

5. The volume V of a cylinder varies directly as the height h of the cylinder.

B. Determine if the tables and graphs below express a direct variation between the variables. If
they do, find the constant of variation and an equation that defines the relation.

1.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 4 6 8 10

2. x 24 12 8 6
y 1 2 3 4

3. x 10 15 20 25
y 100 150 200 250

4.

10

0
0 2 4 6 8

12
 5.

25

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

C. In each of the following, y varies directly as x. Find the values as indicated.

1. If y = 8 when x = 24, find y when x = 6

2. If y = - 18 when x = 9, find y when x = 11

D. Solve the following problems:

1. In a 100 kilometer trip, Jojo uses 12 liters of gasoline, how many liters of gasoline will he use
on a trip of 350 kilometers?
1
2. Mutya sold 2 baskets of avocado at Php30.00 per kg. If a basket contains 52 kg, how much
did Mutya earn?

13
Activity 4: Let’s Check It Out

A. Fill in the blanks to make the statement true.

1. If the statement “m varies directly as n”, then the corresponding equation is _______.
𝑦
2. In direct variation equation y = kx, k = 𝑥 is the ________ of variation.

3. The graph of direct variation is a __________.

4. For the two quantities in direct variation, an increase in one quantity causes
_________ in the other quantity.

5. If P is directly proportional to q, then the equation for k is __________.

B. Answer the following:

1. Given that m varies directly as b, complete the table of values below

m 15 20 30 75
b 45 75

What is the constant of variation?

2. A Junkshop dealer pays a kilogram of plastic bottles at Php12.00 from

collectors. In the table, c is the cost in peso and n is the number of kilos of
plastic bottles.

n 1 2 3 4 5 6
c 12 24 36 48 60 72

a. Explain briefly why this situation represents a direct variation.

b. Write a mathematical statement that relates the quantities n and c.

c. What is the constant of variation? Formulate the mathematical equation.

d. Observe the values of c and n in the table. What happens to the cost c
when the number n of kilos of plastic bottles is doubled? Tripled?

e. Graph the relation.

f. What items can be made out of these plastic bottles?

14
Activity 5: This is It!

Performance Task: Collect your electric bill for the last three (3) months. Record the kilowatt
hour (KWHR) consumption against the Amount Due on the table below:

Month

Kilowatt Hour
Consumption
Amount Due

Answer the following:

1. What have you observed with the amount due and the kilowatt hour consumption values?

2. What type of variation is being described by the situation?

3. Gather ideas from the family members. List down some ways to minimize electric
consumption? How can these measures help the family?

Rubrics for Grading:

10 8 6 4
Data All data was All data was Data was Included little
Quality complete and complete and not incomplete. Some or no relevant
accurately labeled accurately labeled data was not data. Data
using appropriate using appropriate labeled using was not
units of measure. units of measure. appropriate units labeled using
of measure. appropriate
units of
measure.
Data Identified and Identified valid Only identified Trends were
Analysis described trends trends and made obvious trends not missing.
and made appropriate fully supported by Obvious
appropriate conclusions based the data. trends were
conclusions based on the data. overlooked.
on the data.
Ideas Had more than ten Had more than ten Had less than ten Had fewer
ideas. Every idea ideas. Almost ideas. More than than four
related to the every idea was half of the ideas ideas. Some
topic. Links were related to the were related to the ideas were
drawn between topic. topic. not related to
related ideas. the topic.

15
Summary

Direct Variation is a relation when one quantity is equal to a constant times the other
𝑦
quantity. This can be expressed into mathematical statement or equation as y=kx, where k = 𝑥 is
the constant of variation or constant of proportionality. These statements can be:

“ y varies directly as x”
“ y is directly proportional to x” and
“ y is proportional to x”.

These statements mean that for two quantities, x and y, an increase in x causes an
increase in y as well. Similarly, a decrease in x causes a decrease in y.

𝑥1 𝑥2
The concept of proportion can also be used such as = in describing the relation of
𝑦1 𝑦2

the quantities involved.

16
Multple Choice.
Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer in your activity notebook.
1. Which of the following represents the statement, m varies directly as j.
𝑘 𝑗
a. j = km b. m = c. k = d. m = kj
𝑗 𝑚

2. If p varies directly as q and p = 18 when q = - 6, then k is __________.

1 1
a. -3 b. - 3 c. 3 d. 3

3. The amount (A) of money raised in a concert to the number (n) of tickets sold is an
example of what kind of variation?
a. direct b. inverse c. joint d. combined

4. In the variation equation M = 2t. What happens to M when t is doubled?

a. M is halved c. M is tripled
b. M is doubled d. M becomes zero

5. If a varies directly as b, and a = 18 when b = 4.5, find a when b = 8.

a. 3.2 b. 4 c. 32 d. 72

6. Which of the following table of values illustrates direct variation?

a.
x 1 2 3 4 6
y 12 6 4 3 2
b. x 3 4 5 6 7
y 21 28 35 42 49
c. x 1 2 3 4 5
y 10 15 20 25 30

d. x 1 2 3 4 5
y -6 12 18 -16 20
7. What mathematical statement describes the graph below?

30
24
18
Y
12
6
0
0 4 8 12 16 20
X
2 3 3
a. y = 3 x b. y = 2 x c. y = 6x d. x = 2 y

17
8. Given that y varies directly as x, find the missing values of x and y in the table below

x 6 18 24
y 2 8 9

a. x = 27; y = 6 b. x =30; y = 6 c. x = 27; y = 3 d. x = 6; y = 27

9. If 3 identical packages weigh 105 kg. How much will 15 of these packages weigh?
a. 315 kg b. 525 kg c. 1250 kg d. 1575 kg

10. The number of words Janna printed varied directly with the amount of time she spent
printing. If she printed 250 words in 5 minutes, how long would it take her to print 1200
words?
a. 20 minutes b. 22 minutes c. 24 minutes d. 30 minutes

23