The

study
of
ethics
 Ethics
Is derive from the Greek word ethos which means
“Characteristic of way action”.

It’sLatin word equivalent is most more, meaning “tradition or

custom” .

Ethics is defined as the science of the human acts.

Human acts are those action perform by man, knowing by and

freely. They are also called deliberate or intentional action, or
voluntary action.
 The ethos of man is
revealed in the
 following
He is able distinguish between good and
evil, right or wrong, moral or immoral.
 He feels writings himself an obligation to

do what is good and to avoid evil.

 He feels accountable for his action

expecting reward or punishment for them.

 Values
development
 Values development

frame works
Our values behind all our human goals, they are linked
with the basic human needs. They emerge in the course
of time through our exposure to people and different
life conditions. We may be conscious of our values,
reflecting on them regularly or we may be driven by
undertakings that offer short term benefits or driven
by the momentary desires. Or we may be choosing
purposely the value that propel our growth. The
choices we make determine the quality of the life that
we go through.
 Theoretical frame
works for values

development
Human values as ideal s which determines our
priorities and direct our behaviors.
 Human ideals as they reflect different levels of

needs. (the goal that we pursue relate to the

satisfaction of these needs.)
 Human desire mush of which is unconscious (it

is of great importance that the unconscious

desires be subjected to reflective thought.)
 Human ideals pursued individually and

collectively.
 Human
different levels
of
needs
Human ideals reflect
different levels of
The ideals thatneeds
 gives significance to our
lives reflect different levels of needs.
According to Maslow (1993), there are at
least five sets of goals to the basic needs
of a person: Physiologic, safety, Love and
belongingness, esteem and self-
actualization.
Maslow hierarchy
of
needs
 Physiologic needs
Primary needs for food, water,
rest, sleep and other biological
requirements to keep the body
healthy and fit.
 Safety needs
Abroad concern for safety and stability
in the world-security from environmental
hazards, assault, tyranny, etc. being
assured of adequate provisions such as
having a job with tenure, retirement and
other privileges, savings, insurance of
various kinds, and so on; also in being in
a predictable and familiar environment.
 Love and

belongingness needs
Being in mutual relationship of affection,
caring and nature with one significant others.
 These basic goals are interrelated, and are

arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency. In

other words, human needs generally emerge
in a predicate stair-step manner as portrayed
below. The most proponent goal will dominate
consciousness and direct behavior.
Levels
of
values
Foundation values
 The foundation values relate to the
satisfaction of the basic or fundamental
for life to be sustained and to achieve a
relative state of health. The foundation
needs which are classified as physiologic,
safety, love, belongingness and esteem
must psychological, social and spiritual
realms and its essential to self-
actualization.
 Thus a very basic expectation for having a
employment is to earn a living to meet our
biological needs. We strive harder as
securing material provisions and
sustaining a safe physical environment. We
build or nature meaningful relationships
with significant others. We fulfill certain
religious obligation. We gain proficiency in
various areas and assume multiplicity of
roles.
Ultimate Values
 There have always been people through
the ages who have paused, pondered and
asked question like: What is life all
about? What are we here for? Are we
here for our own sake? What is human
life meant to be? People seek to answer
such questions move on to be ultimate
matters of life. They are concerned with
ultimate values.
 They recognize that foundation needs
are means to an end. Maslow (1971)
described self-actualizing people as
those who at something they have been
destined for, which they work at and
which they love so that the work-joy
dichotomy in them disappears. The
being or ultimate value are intrinsic are
the meaning of life for them.
The objectives of ethics
 The principles cause of action is usually attributed to
the doer if for instance Pedro committed a crime Pedro
and not any malicious demon or spirit is responsible
for his act or for the crime he committed because Pedro
did the act it is expected that Pedro suffer the moral or
the legal consequences of his act hence a person in
control of his faculties (i.e. intelligence and will) is
judge as moral if he performs an act that observes a
particular standard of morality and immoral if he
commits an act that violates any given moral standard.
Acts of man
Involuntary natural acts
 Actof man are two types the first type is
called involuntary natural act these
includes the involuntary intuitive or reflex
acts exhibited by man such as the
blinking of the eye the beating on the
heart, sneezing, yawning, breathing,
scratching and others.
Voluntary natural acts
 The second type of non moral acts are called voluntary
natural they include voluntary and natural but not
necessarily reflexive acts such as sleeping, eating,
drinking, etc. these type are action we usually perform
as part of our daily socially learned activities such as
brushing our teeth, combing out hair, cutting our nails,
taking a bath, etc. the second type of non moral acts is
different from the first type because it involves a certain
degree of freedom or voluntariness .
 Soto speak one may decide for instance
when to sleep or whether to sleep or not
heart from beating however this action are
similarly categorized under act of man
because they are neither moral nor immoral.
Classification
of
human acts
Moral or ethical
acts
These are human acts that observe or
conform to standard or norm of morality.
Some examples of moral ethics actions
includes helping other in needs, taking
examination honestly, returning excess
for change received, and giving party to
your friends and others.
Immoral or unethical acts
 These are human acts that violate or
deviate from a standard of morality.
Immoral/ unethical action may includes,
refusing to help other distress, cheating
in an examination, speaking ill of others,
and others.
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