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Formation of Societies
WHAT is a SOCIETY?
•A society is a group of people with
common territory, interaction, and culture.
•The word “society” comes from the Latin
root socius, meaning “companion” or
“being with others.”
•From French word societe, meaning
“fellowship”
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7 Million Years Ago humans fed themselves exclusively by hunting wild animals
and gathering wild plants
1. AVAILABILITY OF
MORE CONSUMABLE
CALORIES MEANS
MORE PEOPLE
= only a small minority
are inedible to people
since they are:
a. indigestible
b.poisonous
c. low nutritional
value
d. tedious to prepare
e. difficult to gather
f. dangerous to hunt
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Korowai tribe of New Guinea

 Food production evolved last 11,000ya
domestication and eating the resulting livestock and crops
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY MORE DEPENDABLE FOOD
PLANT CULTIVATION FOOD SUPPLY SURPLUS

ACCUMULATION DIVISION OF LARGER HUMAN

TRADE
OF OBJECT LABOR GROUPS

FEUDS & WAR SLAVERY

SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AT SOME INHERITED WEALTH

PEOPLE ACCUMULATE MORE

CHANGES IN FORMS OF CONCENTRATED

LEADERSHIP WEALTH AND POWER
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Societies with domestic animals fed more people
(good source of animal protein):
f u r n i s h i n g m e a t , m i l k , f e r t i l i z e r,
pulling plows
POPULATION GROWTH SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TRANSPORTATION
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SOURCE: http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/02/25/17/look-highest-paying-jobs-for-juniors-supervisors-managers
Rural and Urban Community
Rural Community
•National Census and Statistics Office
(NCSO) defines rural areas as all barrios and
municipalities except those of the provincial
capital.
• Population of not more than one thousand
• Predominantly farming, fishing or some form of cottage
industry
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Closer communion and

steadier contact with the
soil and other forces of
nature.
Recreational facility and cultural activities are limited.
Urban Community
•The word “urban” is used to mean a quality of life
that is typically found in cities (Hawley, 1971)
•Urban is both a process and a place, as the urban
process cannot occur without the resources,
population and economic base.
Basic Characteristics of an Urban Community

1. Population densities are high.

2. Urban community is characterized by a secondary type of
relationship, which is impersonal, formal, and objective.
3. There is a widely divergent group of people. There is what
is termed as division of labor.
4. There is anonymity of the part of the urban dwellers.
Because of the nature of work and the type of relationship
that exists, individuals cannot find time to know their
neighbors personally.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_provinces_by_population_density.png
Theories of Urban Growth

1. The concentric circle theory.

• This theory assumes that cities follow a process of
expansion in which population flows from the center in
a circular pattern. The city is divided into different
zones as follows (Burgess & McKenzie, 1925):
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Theories of Urban Growth

2. The Sector Nuclei Theory

• This theory was proposed by Homer Hoyt in 1939 as a
modification of the concentric circle theory. It asserts
that geographic factors and man-made factors like
transportation routes produce sector in wedge shapes
extending outward from the center of the city.
Theories of Urban Growth

3. Multiple Nuclei Theory

• Harris and Ullman (1945), who formulated this theory,
maintain that land use within the city is organized
around district nuclei or centers, each having its own
function. As the city increases in size, the number of
nuclei correspondingly increases, each specializing in
specific activities.