Foundation Engineering: Deep Foundations

4th Year Civil
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Lecture - 6
Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Monday, May 1, 2023
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DEEP FOUNDATIONS
PILED FOUNDATIONS

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1. PILE FOUNDATIONS
Definition
Piles are columnar elements in a foundation
which have the function of transferring load
from the superstructure through weak
compressible strata or through water, onto
stiffer or more compact and less
compressible soils or onto rock.

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Piles are used in these cases:
1. When upper soil layers are highly compressible
and too weak to support the load transmitted
by the superstructure, as shown in Figure 1.a.
2. When bedrock is not encountered at a
reasonable depth below the ground surface,
piles are used to transmit the structural load to
the soil gradually. (See Figure 1.b)
3. When subjected to hz. forces (wind, E. quake,
E. pressures) such as earth retaining structures
and foundations of tall structures. (see Figure
1.c)

Weak soil
uplift
Figure 1 Conditions that require the use of pile foundations

4. When expansive or collapsible soils
exist and extended for a great depth at
the site of a proposed structure. (See
Figure 1.d)
5. Piles are sometimes used for basement
mats below the water table to resist the
uplifting force. (See Figure 1.e)
6. Piles are usually constructed for bridge
abutments and piers to avoid the loss
of bearing capacity due to soil erosion
at the ground surface. (See Figure 1.f)
Types of Pile w.r.t
Materials
Timber Steel Concrete Pre-cast

Steel H Concrete Composite
Pipe
Timber Steel Concrete

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Timber Piles
- Relatively inexpensive
- Usually limited to short lengths
- Low capacity.
- Advantages: Easy handling, Non-corrosive material,
If permanently submerged then fairly resistant to
decay.
- Disadvantages: May require treatment to prevent
decay, insects, and borers from damaging pile.
Easily damaged during hard driving and
inconvenient to splice.

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Figure 2 Splicing of timber piles: (a) use of pipe sleeves; (b) use of
metal straps and bolts
Steel H-Piles
- Advantages: high axial working capacity,
Wide variety of sizes. easy on-site
modifications, fairly easy to drive, minimal
soil displacement, and good penetration
through hard materials (with shoe).
- Disadvantages: high cost, potential delays in
delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy
driving, low bearing area .

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Steel Pipe Piles
May drive closed or open-ended.
Advantages: May be driven empty then filled
with cheaper material (concrete), can
provide very high capacities, and on-site
modifications are easy.
Disadvantages: similar to H-piles plus more
difficult driving due to soil displacement.

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Figure 3 Steel piles: (a) splicing of H-pile by welding; (b) splicing of pipe pile by welding;(c) splicing of
H-pile by rivets and bolts; (d) flat driving point of pipe pile; (e) conical driving point of pipe pile
Table 1 Common H-Pile Sections used in the United States

Table 2 Selected Outside diameter
(mm)
Wall thickness (mm) Area of steel (cm2)
Pipe Pile Sections 4.78 37.5
254 5.56 43.6
6.35 49.4
4.78 44.9
305 5.56 52.3
6.35 59.7
4.78 60.3
406 5.56 70.1
6.35 79.8
6.56 80
457 6.35 90
7.92 112
5.56 88
508 6.35 100
7.92 125
6.35 121
7.92 150
610
9.53 179
Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI 12.70 238
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Concrete Piles
• Concrete piles may be divided into two basic
categories:
• Precast piles and
• Cast-in-situ piles.
a) Precast Concrete Piles
• Can be square or octagonal in cross section.
• Reinforcement is provided to resist the bending
moment developed during pickup and
transportation, the vertical load, and the
bending moment caused by a lateral load.
• The piles are cast to desired lengths and cured
before being transported to the work sites.
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• Usual length: 10 m to 15 m
• Usual load: 300 kN to 3000 kN
• May be prestressed to withstand driving
and handling stresses.
Advantages:
o Can be subjected to hard driving
o Corrosion resistant
o Can be easily combined with a
concrete superstructure
Disadvantages:
o Difficult to achieve proper cutoff
o Difficult to transport
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Some facts about precast prestressed piles:
• Maximum length: 60 m
• Maximum load: 7500 kN to 8500 kN
Figure 4 Precast piles with ordinary reinforcement

b) Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place piles
 This type of Piles are executed by making a hole
in the ground and then filling it with concrete.
 These piles may be divided into two broad
categories:
1. Cased
2. Uncased
1) Cased piles are made by driving a steel casing
into the ground with the help of a mandrel
placed inside the casing. When the pile reaches
the proper depth the mandrel is withdrawn and
the casing is filled with concrete.
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Figure 5 Cast-in-place cased concrete piles
• Maximum length: 30 m to 40 m
• Approximate maximum load: 800 kN
Advantages:
• Relatively cheap
• Allow for inspection before pouring concrete
• Easy to extend
Disadvantages:
• Difficult to splice after concreting
• Thin casings may be damaged during driving

2) Uncased piles are made by first driving the
casing to the desired depth and then filling it
with fresh concrete. The casing is then
gradually withdrawn.
• Maximum length: 30 m to 40 m
• Approx. maximum load: 700 kN

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Advantages:
• Initially economical
• Can be finished at any elevation
Disadvantages:
• Voids may be created if concrete is placed rapidly
• Difficult to splice after concreting
• In soft soils, the sides of the hole may cave in, squeezing the
concrete
Figure 6 Cast-in-place concrete piles

Installation of Piles
 Driven piles: by hammers or vibratory drivers.
 Bored piles: piles can be inserted by jetting or
partial augering.
 Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
1. Driven piles
• Driven piles are displacement piles, because they
move some soil laterally; hence, densify the soil
surrounding them.
• Concrete piles and closed-ended pipe piles are large-
displacement piles. However, steel H-piles displace
less soil laterally during driving, so they are low
displacement piles.

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• The types of hammer used for pile driving include:
drop hammer,

 single-acting air or steam hammer,
 double-acting and differential air or
steam hammer, and

 diesel hammer.
Drop hammer (Figure 7a)

• Hammer is raised by a winch and allowed to
drop from a certain height H.
• It is the oldest type of hammer. The main
disadvantage of the drop hammer is its slow rate
of blows.
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The single-acting air or steam hammer Fig.
7b
• The striking part, or ram, is raised by
air or steam pressure and then drops by
gravity.
Double-acting and differential air or steam
hammer Figure 7c
• The Air or steam is used both to raise
the ram and to push it downward,
thereby increasing the impact velocity of
the ram.
Figure 7 Pile-driving equipment: (a) drop hammer; (b) single-
acting air or steam hammer
Figure 7 (continued) Pile-driving equipment: (c) double-acting
and differential air or steam hammer; (d) diesel hammer

Diesel hammer (Figure 7d)
consists essentially of a ram, an anvil block, and a
fuel-injection system.
• First the ram is raised and fuel is injected near the
anvil. Then the ram is released.
• When the ram drops, it compresses the air–fuel
mixture, which ignites. This action, in effect,
pushes the pile downward and raises the ram.
• In soft soils, the downward movement of the pile is
rather large, and the upward movement of the ram
is small.
• This differential may not be sufficient to ignite the
air–fuel system, so the ram may have to be lifted
manually.
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Table 11.4 Examples of Commercially Available Pile-Driving Hammers

2. Bored Piles
Bored piles are nondisplacement piles because their
placement causes very little change in the state of stress
in the soil.

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Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
• Piles are bored using drilling rig of internal diameter
allowing for casting the concrete till the required
depth.
• Casting of concrete starts with withdrawing the
drilling rig upwards.
• Capacity of about 100 ton.
Advantages: ease of changing lengths by cutting or
slicing the shell. Material costs relatively low.
Inspection possible.
Disadvantage: not feasible in hard soils or rock. Voids
in concrete may be created. Splicing problems after
concreting.
Monday, May 1, 202 Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI 31

3 BAKR
Choice of Pile Type
The pile type is chosen according to:
1. Load Capacity & Pile Spacing
2. Constructability
• Soil stratigraphy
• Need for splicing or cutting
• Driving vibrations
• Driving speed.
3. Performance
• Environmental suitability (corrosion)
4. Availability
5. Cost
Monday, May 1, 2023 Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

BAKR 33

Foundation Engineering: Deep Foundations

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4th Year Civil

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Figure 1 Conditions that require the use of pile foundations

Timber Steel Concrete Pre-cast

Timber Steel Concrete

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Figure 4 Precast piles with ordinary reinforcement

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Figure 6 Cast-in-place concrete piles

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

 single-acting air or steam hammer,

 double-acting and differential air or

steam hammer, and

Drop hammer (Figure 7a)

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

Monday, May 1, 202 Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI 31

Monday, May 1, 2023 Deep Foundations by Dr. RAMI

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