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Section A – Introduction
Distribution lines
Transmission lines
Substations
Non
Ceramic
Ceramic
Typically
Porcelainfiberglass
or toughened
rod with
glassrubber (EPDM or Silicone) sheath
and weather
Metal sheds fixed with cement
components
HDPE line insulator
ANSI Standards applications
C29.1 through C29.10
Cycloaliphatic (epoxies) station applications, some line
applications
Metal components normally crimped
ANSI Standards C29.11 – C29.19
Non Ceramic
Ceramic
Hydrophobic
Materials verymaterials
resistantimprove contamination
to UV, contaminant performance
degradation,
electric
Strong field
in tension, weaker in compression
degradation
Deflection under in
Materials strong load can be an issue
compression, weaker in tension
Lighter – easieroftoelasticity
High modulus handle - stiff
Electric field stresses must be considered
Brittle, require more careful handling
Heavier than NCIs
Non Ceramic
Ceramic
“Material
Generallyproperties
designs are have been improved – UV resistance
“mature”
much improved for example
Limited flexibility of dimensions
Standardized product lines now exist
Process limitations on sizes and shapes
Balancing act - leakage distance/field stress – take advantage
of
Applications/handling
hydrophobicity methods generally well understood
Application parameters still being developed
Line design implications (lighter weight, improved shock
resistance)
• Porcelain
- M&E (Mechanical & Electrical) Rating
Represents a mechanical test of the unit while energized.
When the porcelain begins to crack, it electrically punctures.
Average ultimate strength will exceed the M&E Rating when new.
- Never Exceed 50% of the M&E Rating
• Porcelain
- Cantilever Rating
Represents the Average Ultimate Strength in Cantilever – when new.
Minimum Ultimate Cantilever of a single unit may be as low as 85%.
- Never Exceed 40% of the Cantilever Rating – Proof Test Load
Other Considerations
• Line Posts –
- Cantilever is only one load
- Transverse (tension or compression) on line post – loading
transverse to the direction of the line.
- Longitudinal – in the direction of travel of the line
- Combined Loading Curve –
Contour curves representing various Longitudinal loads
Available Vertical load as a function of Transverse loading
Manufacturers have different safety factors!!!
2500
2000 0 Longitudinal
500 Longitudinal
1500
, LBF
1000 Longitudinal
D
1000
LLOA
1500 Longitudinal
A
500
TIC
2000 Longitudinal
VER
0
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 LINE POST APPLICATION
Compression
TRANSVERSE LOAD, LBF CURVES
Ten sion
9-12-05
1
– IEEE Std 100 - 1992
Required F. MODERATE
G. HEAVY
Enter inches/kV -
1.50 - 1.75
2.00 - 2.50
1
Impulse Over-voltage
R(f) = 15 ohm (typical value = 10 - 20 ohm)
e= 59.1 (line C)
What is Leakage
Distance?
“The sum of the shortest
distances measured along
the insulating surfaces
between the conductive
parts, as arranged for dry
flashover test.” 1
• Empirical Determination
- What’s been used successfully?
- If Flashovers occur – add more leak?
Leakage Distance
ESDD (mg/cm2) Site Severity I-string/V-string
(“/kV l-g)
Leakage Distance
ESDD (mg/cm2) Site Severity
(“/kV l-g)
2.5
2
IEEE V
Leak ("/kV l-g)
1.5 IEEE I
IEC
Poly. (IEC)
1
Poly. (IEEE V)
Poly. (IEEE I)
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ESDD (mg/cm^2)
300
250
200
Flashover Voltage
Porcelain
New EPDM
150 Aged EPDM
New SR
Aged SR
100
CEA 280 T 621
SR units - leakage equal to porcelain
EPDM Units - leakage 1.3 X Porcelain
50
0
0.01 0.1
ESDD (mg/cm^2)
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Improved Contamination Performance
CEA 280 T 621, “Leakage Distance Requirements for Composite Insulators Designed for Transmission Lines”
Switching Surge
• Wet W/S
• ((Wet Switching Surge W/S)/√2) ≥ 60 Hz Wet Flashover (r.m.s.)
• Peak Wet 60 Hz value will be lower than Switching Surge Wet W/S
Impulse Withstand
• Take Positive or Negative Polarity, whichever is lower
• If only Critical Impulse Flashover is available – assume 90%
(safe estimate for withstand)
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
Insulator Selection
PICKING A SUITABLE INSULATOR
59.1 kV (peak)
e=(line B * 1.414)
D. ZERO
(typical values)
SUGGESTED LEAKAGE
(inches/(kV line-to-ground))
UP TO 1.00
E. LIGHT 1.00 - 1.25
• Worst Case – 6,000 lbs F. MODERATE
G. HEAVY
1.50 - 1.75
2.00 - 2.50
Enter inches/kV - 1
ultimate
SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGE REQUIREMENTS
kV
INSULATOR
Leakage
42” 46”
Distance
Wet Switching
125 kV 240 kV
Surge W/S
NCIs
• Polymers are more susceptible to scissioning due to corona
• UV – short wavelength range – attacks polymer bonds.
• Most short wavelength UV is filtered by the environment
• UV due to corona is not filtered
EL&P Group
IEEE
NEMA
Independents
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
C29 ANSI C29 Insulator Standards (available on-line at nema.org)
.1 Insulator Test Methods
.2 Wet-process Porcelain & Toughened Glass - Suspensions
.3 Wet-process Porcelain Insulators - Spool Type
.4 “ - Strain Type
.5 “ - Low & Medium Voltage Pin Type
.6 “ - High Voltage Pin Type
.7 “ - High Voltage Line Post Type
.8 “ - Apparatus, Cap & Pin Type
.9 “ - Apparatus, Post Type
.10 “ - Indoor Apparatus Type
.11 Composite Insulators – Test Methods
.12 “ - Suspension Type
.13 “ - Distribution Deadend Type
.17 “ - Line Post Type
.18 “ - Distribution Line Post Type
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
.19 “ - Station Post Type (under development)
ANSI C29 Insulator Standards
Applies to new insulators
Definitions
Materials
Dimensions & Marking (interchangeability)
Tests
1. Prototype & Design, usually performed once for a given design.
(design, materials, manufacturing process, and technology).
2. Sample, performed on random samples from lot offered for
acceptance.
3. Routine, performed on each insulator to eliminate defects from lot.
-Temperature 25° C
- Barometric Pressure 29.92 ins. of Hg
- Vapor Pressure 0.6085 ins. of Hg
IEEE T&D – Insulators 101
- For wet tests: rate 5±0.5 mm/min, resistivity 178±27Ωm, 10 sec. ws
Dry Arcing Distance
Shortest distance through the surrounding medium between terminal
electrodes , or the sum of distances between intermediate electrodes ,
whichever is shortest, with the insulator mounted for dry flashover test.
1400
1200
Suspension Insulator
1000
Flashover (kV)
800
Station Post and Line Post
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Dry Arcing Distance (inches)
1200
1000
800
Rated Dry
FOV, kV
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
C29.8 Ceramic Apparatus Cantilever, tension, & torsion strength X3≥ R 3 sec. tension
Cap & Pin of 3 units each at specified value
no one xi ≮ .85 R
Tension
at 50% of R
C29.9 Ceramic Apparatus Cantilever & tension strengths X3≥ R or
Post Type of 3 units each no one xi ≮ .85 R 4 quad. bending
at 40% of R
Ceramic Combined
Suspension 50% mechanical & electrical strength (M&E) C29.2-1992
http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/iwg/