Paints and Varnishes

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 Paints and Varnishes
• Definition
• Functions of paints.
• Composition of oil paints.
• Preparation of oil paints.
• Characteristics of good paints.
• Types of paints, and properties of paints
• Defects in painting.

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 Definitions
• Paint is a coating of fluid material applied over
timber and metal surface as protective coating
which on drying forms a thin film on surface
• Varnish is a transparent or nearly transparent
solution of resinous material and oil, alcohol or
turpentine to form a clear, tough, glossy film on
woodwork
• Enamel: Bases like zinc oxide ground in varnish.
Dry quickly to furnish hard glossy finish.

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 Definitions
• Distemper is a comparatively cheap decorative
paint for walls and ceilings applied on brickwork,
or plastered surfaces
• Water Wash and Color Wash: Fresh lime slacked
with water, mixed thoroughly, screened and
added with glue and may be a pigment
• French Polish: Type of spirit varnish prepared by
dissolving resin in methylated spirit at room
temperature for use on hardwood substances to
hide grain defects.
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 Definitions
• Wax Polish: Bees wax dissolved in turpentine used
for highlighting the grain over wooden surfaces.

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 Function of paints
• To protect the surface from weathering effects of
the atmosphere and actions by other liquids,
fumes and gases
• To provide pleasing, colorful and decorative
appearance to the surfaces
• To prevent decay of wooden members
• To prevent corrosion of metallic surfaces
• To provide a smooth surface for easy cleaning

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 Classification of paints

Paints

Oil Water Special Bituminous Cement

Paints Paints Paints Paints Paints

Heat Chlorinated
Fireproof Luminous
Resisting Rubber
Paint Paints
Paint Paint

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 Classification of paints

Paints

Priming Undercoating Finishing

Paints Paints Paints

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 Types of paints
• Oil Paint: ordinary paint
• Bituminous paint: prepared by dissolving asphalt or
bitumen in oil or petroleum
• Cement paint: It consists of cement and hydrated lime
mixed along with a coloring pigment
• Colloidal paint: a paint with no inert material
• Aluminum paint: aluminum powder suspended in spirit
varnish or oil varnish
• Asbestos paint: peculiar type, applied to places exposed
acidic gases and steam.
• Cellulose paint: prepared from nitro cotton celluloid
sheets
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 Types of paints
• Emulsion paint: It consists of polyvinyl acetate and
synthetic resin as binding material
• Enamel paint: It consists of white lead ground in small
quantity of oil and mixed with petroleum spirit and
resinous matter
• Graphite paint: black in color, applied on iron surfaces
• Luminous paint: contains calcium sulphide with varnish
• Silicate paint: prepared by mixing calcined ground silica
with resinous substances
• Anti-corrosive paint: consists of oil and strong drier
• Plastic paint: variety of plastic present, applied using
brush or spray painting.
• Synthetic rubber paint: prepared from resin
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 Composition of oil paints
• Constituents of oil paints
– Base
– Vehicle (binder)
– Coloring pigment
– Solvent or thinner
– Drier
– Inert filler

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 Composition of oil paint
• Base
– It is the principal constituent of paint.
– It is a solid matter forming the main body of paint and
possessing binding properties. It is usually a metallic oxide.
– It makes the paint film opaque and posses binding properties
which reduces the shrinkage cracks in the film on drying.
– Examples: whitle lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, etc.
• Vehicle (binder)
– It is an oil to which the base is mixed.
– It holds the constituents of paint in suspension and helps
spread it over the surface to be painted, imparts durability,
toughness and water proofness to paint film.
– Examples: linseed oil, nut oil, poppy oil, tung oil,
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 Composition of oil paint
• Pigment
– They are finely ground mineral, organic substance, or metal
powders (0.1 to 5.0 micron in dia)
– Pigments are used to hide the surface imperfections and to
impart the desired color.
– They protect the paint film by reflecting the destructive ultra
voilet light.
– Improve impermeability of paint film and enhance weather
resistance.
• Solvents (thinners)
– These are oils used to thin the paints, increase the spread.
– They make the paint of workable consistency and evaporate
during drying of the film.
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 Composition of oil paint
• Driers (plasticizers)
– added to paint to quicken the drying of vehicle
• Adulterants
– An adulterant mixed to replace the base in part thus reducing
the cost of paint.
– Also help to reduce cracking of dry paint and sometimes help to
keep the pigments in suspension.
– Commonly used fillers are silica, charcoal, powdered chalk,
aluminum silicate, barium sulphate, etc

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 Characteristics of good paints
• Should have a good body or spreading power
• Should work smoothly and freely to be laid in thin coat
• Should form durable, tough and wear resistant film upon
drying
• Color should not fade or change
• Painted surface should dry in about 9 hours
• Should become hard enough in 24 hours to take up
another coat
• Should not crack upon drying
• Should give a smooth and pleasing finish
• Should dry quickly
• Should not damage the painted surface
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 Manufacture of oil paints
• The base (white lead) is thoroughly ground in oil
• Thinner (turpentine oil) is mixed to give it necessary
workability
• Pigment and drier are separately ground in linseed oil and
mixed with turpentine oil to make it thin
• Pigment mixture intimately mixed with already prepared
base
• Prepared paint is strained through fine cloth or seive

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 Defects in painting
• Cracking: cracks extending throughout the entire
thickness of paint, due to
– Improper seasoning of wood
– Excessive use of drier
– Application of too many coats
• Crazing and crocodiling: Hairline cracks in top coat, due to
– Use of excessive oil
– Use of impure oil
– Insufficient drying of under coat

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• Blistering and peeling:
– Exposure of paint to strong sunshine
– Leaving oil or grease on the surface to be painted
– Painting a surface with moisture on surface or in pores of wood
• Runs and sage:
– Application of too thick or slow drying paint
– Painting over a glossy surface
– Use of excessive drier
– Excessive humidity or rapid thermal changes during drying
period

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• Chalking: rub off with hands or clothes
– Use of insufficient oil in priming coat
• Washing off: deposition of water soluble dissolved
matter at lower edges forming streaks
• Dull appearance: caused by use of excessive drier
or on aging

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• Slow drying:
– use of inferior or old oils
– Painting over damp surfaces
– Painting during unfavorable weather
• Yellowing of white paint:
– Use white enamel where gloss is desired
– For indoors use linseed oil with yellow tint that does
not bleach unless exposed to sunshine

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